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AP WORLD HISTORY OUTLINE
Early Humans
· Methods of Study
a. Anthropology
i. examine artifacts to determine an individual's role and relationship in a
group
ii. religious behaviors, social norms
iii. How did humans behave in the past?
1. prehistory no written records
b. Archaeology
i. find artifacts for examination
ii. how a group or society lived not interested in
individual behavior
iii. study of burials, housing, weaponry, etc
· Periodization
a. Measure of Time
i. units of convenience
ii. not exact based on interpretation
1. Paleolithic Period "Old Stone Age"
a. 2.5million BCE 10,000 BCE
2. Mesolithic Period "Middle Stone Age"
a. 10,000 BCE 8,000 BCE
3. Neolithic Period "New Stone Age"
a. 8,000 BCE 4,000 BCE
b. Paleolithic Humans
i. hunters (men) and gatherers (women)
ii. lived in bands of 20-30 members
iii. tended to be nomadic, to allow access to good
climate as well as food
and resources
iv. numerous ice ages ended after 20-30k years
v. fire key to survival
1. first harnessed from lightning strikes, humans then
kept the fires
going for weeks at a time
2. 60,000 BCE tree-sap used to weatherproof the fire and
increase flame intensity
3. flint allowed on-demand production of fire
vi. hunting usually done in large groups to enhance
success
1. stalked animals with fire, and then chased them
down the side of
cliffs
2. Boxgrove in
evidence of such hunts
a. The fact tat success was repeated and improved upon
first signs of human intelligence
· Neolithic Period
a. Climatic Changes
i. Oldest humans date back to 3million BCE
ii. As ice receded at the end of the ice age, early humans began to migrate
from Africa into Europe and
1. 2.5million 8,000BCE
iii. As climate dried, seeds were planted first farms
b. Agricultural Revolution "Neolithic Revolution"
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Semi-permanent settlements farming villages that lasted
for 2 to 3
years before inhabitants moved on
ii. "Slash & Burn" cut down trees and light on fire ashes from
fires
helped enhance the soil conditions
iii. Surplus of food population begins to grow
1. better health, more reproduction = significantly higher population
a. 15,000BCE 5 million people worldwide
b. 4,000BCE 75 million people worldwide
2. specialization of labor pottery, housing, etc
trade develops
Domestication of Animals
iv. Dog first animal to be domesticated hunting
1. wolves helped hunt used b/c of smell, speed,
instinct to
chase
2. sheep, goats used for fur, milk, and food
a. manure used to make bricks for fires
· The Ice Man
a. 1991 a pair of German hikers on the border of Austria and Italy find a
human
arm they alert authorities
i. they find it difficult to remove the body from the ice, as temperatures
cause the surrounding ice to refreeze
ii. their find was the oldest preserved body in
3300BCE
1. died while hunting arrowhead was found in his
back, possibly
someone from a different group shot him
2. his body held 47 tattoos mostly on joints one
theory is that it
was for acupuncture, another is that needle marks in the area
are from tattoo application
3. had clothes, grass in a leather boot to serve as protection, pouch
with grain (as food), mushrooms with properties that mimicked
penicillin unsure if people then knew about its medicinal value
· Civilized vs. Barbaric
a. Ancient Beliefs
i. Chinese had a gov't, writing system, cities viewed themselves as
superior to other people
1. Mongols (north) had less of a social structure, and a nomadic
lifestyle viewed as savages
2. Great Wall built in order to keep the Mongols out
3. belief that civilization was cultural, not
biological anyone could
become civilized if they adopted Chinese customs
ii. Greeks had a gov't, writing system, cities (called Polis), arts,
sciences,
music
1. northern neighbors were called Bar-Bar root of
barbaric
2. non-Greeks were allowed to live in the Polis, yet
had to swear
allegiance to it and ruler
iii. Romans
1. had a military "Legion" used to keep
the vast empire
together
2. if one joined the legion and swore allegiance to
the emperor,
they would be considered civilized
a. had members from Europe, Africa, and the
b. Modern Beliefs
i. the start of the 19th century brought about a new concept in determining
civilization
1. "darker skin = less civilized"
2. imperialists wanted justification for colonization
a. Europeans who has education, technology, etc. felt
superior
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Mesopotamia
· Geography
a. Fertile Crescent
i. Middle Eastern Climate is, for the most part, very dry/arid
ii. The Fertile Crescent begins in Southern Iraq, continues through Central
Iraq, goes into
b. The Rivers Tigris and Euphrates
i.
ii. Flat and swampy, allowed for vegetation and life in the middle of
inhabitable areas
· Sumerians
a. Environmental Challenges
i. The Tigris and
1. flooding carried silt from the bottom of the river
many
nutrients present
2. flooding allowed farms that were not located on the
river's edge
to receive water, as irrigation had not been developed early on
ii. flooding, while beneficial, also led to property
destruction and death
iii.
barriers from enemies easy to invade
iv. The region lacked many resources, such as stone
and wood also,
metals were rare
1. no wood meant that no boats could be built
hampering of
trade
v. Solutions
1. flooding - irrigation ditches to control the banks these
offloaded the water to canals, also allowing the population to
spread farther away from the river
2. no natural barriers the Mesopotamians began to
make mud
brick (composed of mud, grass, then baked) to create walls to
protect themselves
3. lack of natural resources began a system of trade
through
which they gave up a portion of their crops (which were in
surplus) for metals, wood, etc
b. Characteristics
i. Cities planned urban centers with high population density
1. most materials were stone and brick
2. had a ziggurat (step temple) for both religious and
political
centers
3. roads were constructed to facilitate trade
4. populations ranged above 10k
ii. specialization of labor
1. surplus of food allowed people to move away from
solely
farming, and to focus on other jobs
iii. centralized government Theocratic the
political leader also served
as the religions leader
iv. writing cuneiform (triangular) on clay tablets
c. religion gods connected to nature (fire, earth, etc)
i. offering by commoners for priests and gods
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Babylonians
· Nomadic Warriors
a. Called the Amorites
b. Active around 2000BCE, they were attracted to Sumeria by wealth
i. Wanted to overwhelm and conquer, to have the riches for themselves
· Hammurabbi's Code
a. What does the code suggest about social structure?
i. Social structure a mostly patriarchal society, in which priests were
located at the top of society
1. higher class meant more power (Patricians,
Plebeians, Slaves
high to low)
ii. Gender Roles women and children were seen as subservient to the
males (patriarchal society)
iii. Political organization Sumerian government included courts for legal
issues, priests to handle religious affairs, and an emperor.
1. there was also heavy reliance on the Patricians
iv. Economic Activity many vocational positions, such as
traders, builders,
etc 1. heavy reliance on trade, and protection
of traders extended to
promote flow of ideas and materials
Page4
Ancient Egypt
· Geography
a.
>
i. Attractive for settlers
1. 6K BCE 4K BCE mass migration of nomads
to
2. majority were herders, grazing animals
3. switched to a sedentary lifestyle after moving to
the
a. ability to establish population centers with sufficient food
and water
b. Nile River Delta
i. Nile River Delta Point at which
ii. Inundation (winter) December to Early March
1. welcomed by settlers, because they helped to
water crops
2. in addition to beneficial, could also be a disaster
3. built irrigation ditches to control flooding and to
provide
irrigation
c. Cataracts small waterfalls/rapids
i. 10 major cataracts along Nile divided
1. Lower
2. Upper
· Writing System
a. Hieroglyphics
i. Pictograpical symbols represented words or names
ii. Date back to 3200BCE (oldest preserved tablets)
iii. Complete mystery for many years also, Demotic (cursive) was
untranslatable
1. written on papyrus
iv. Scribes were the only ones with the ability to write, and usually gained
great wealth some even had pyramids built for them
1. wrote down tax laws, religious scriptures, census
data, laws,
treaties
b. Rosetta Stone
i. 1799, French Settler (under Napoleon) found Black Basalt tablet with
Greek, Hieroglyphic, and Demotic writings
ii. handed over to the British when Napoleon was
defeated
1. by 1822, scientists were able to decipher the stone
2. now, most Heiroglyps can be read
· Polytheism many gods
a. 12 main deities, with numerous local gods
i. took on lives of their own; married, had kids, etc "soap opera"
ii. most connected to nature in some way Ra = sun
god, etc
b. Egyptians were optimistic, and believed in the afterlife
i. Some say this was because of the
c. Mythology tries to explain their gods and goddesses
i. Afterlife centered around Osiris
1. Married to
2. Brother was named "Set," became jealous of Osiris killed
and
dismembered him and put him in boxes. His body was then
taken to Anubis (god of the Underworld
Page5
3. Anubis instructed that his heart and a feather on the
scale if
balanced, he would be admitted to the afterlife balanced
ii. Ba body
iii. Ka soul if not heavy with sin, would return to body in the
afterlife
· Mummification Took 70 days to complete
a. Very expensive, so only the rich and powerful had it done
b. The body was first washed, the internal organs removed (preserved with
Natron,
a desert salt) and put in jars, the body body preserved
c. The brain was removed through the nose and discarded
d. After 40 days of drying the body, it was wrapped in linens, sometimes
decorated
in jewels
i. Afterwards, the body was sent to the tomb
· Book of the Dead
a. The Book of the Dead was a guide to help the soul journey from the
underworld
back to the body
b. Listed animals and other useful information
Page6
Ancient India
· The Land
a. Physical Features
i. Himalayas form the border between
ii. Hindu-Kush the northern border with
1. Offered protection from invaders but made trade difficult
2. A workaround for both invaders AND traders was the
Pass
iii. The subcontinent is surrounded by water
1. allows for trade with
2. fishing was a source of food
3. offered good protection from enemies
b. Climate
i. Monsoon seasonal winds brings rains or drought
1. Oct to May is the dry season
2. June to Sept warm humid air with lots of rain
ii. Summers get very hot, with temps above 100oF
· Indo-European Migration
a. The Aryans
i. Originally from the
ii. ~1700BCE, migrated towards the SE into
1. Harrappan settlers who were already there civilization came
to an end ~1500BCE
iii. Moved into the Ganges and
farms conflicts arose
b. Language
i. When they first arrived, there was no written language
ii. Sanskrit was developed around 1000BCE, has European roots
Sanskrit English German
mata mother mutter
c. Vedas
i. Initially passed down through word of mouth, became written down
when Sanskrit developed
ii. Accuracy was highly important an error meant a restart
d. Caste System
i. When the Aryans arrived, they saw "Dasa" dark skinned people =
slaves for the Aryans
ii. 4 original castes Brahmins Warriors Merchants
Untouchables
iii. declared illegal by Indian Government
· Hinduism
a. Origins
i. Unable to be traced to a single origin, like other religions
ii. Evolved over many centuries blend of Aryan and
Non-Aryan beliefs
iii. Spread from N. India to S/C/SE Asia (
b. Beliefs
i. Muslims invaded the area ~700CE, called the people Hindus
ii. Polytheistic 3 main Dieties
1. Brahma the creator
2. Vishnu the preserver
3. Shiva the destroyer
Page7
iii. Moksha state in which person perfectly understand the
world
1. can take several lifetimes to achieve led to
reincarnation
iv. Atman the individual, or soul the world soul = Brahman
v. Ganges Rives is considered sacred
1. Gathering around it led to trade, ideas, technology
c. Influences
i. The caste system was seen as punishment or reward for state of karma
1. low caste bad karma
2. high caste good karma
· Buddhism
a. Founder Siddhartha Gautama
i. Born in
ii. The parents called the local Brahmin to inspect child
b. Prophecy 32 marks on body .: would become great
i. If baby was kept inside the palace would become a world ruler
ii. If allowed outside the palace would become a great spiritual leader
iii. Father kept Gautama inside until the age of 29, when he desired to see
the outside world
c. Enlightenment when you know the entire world
i. On his first journey outside the palace, he noticed an old man sitting on
the street
ii. Second time, he saw a sick man
iii. Third time, he sees a corpse
iv. Fourth time sees a priest content with himself
believes that he needs
to do same as well
v. Left palace for 6 years met Brahmin, but wasn't satisfied
1. after 6 weeks of fasting, gave up
2. meditate for 49 days, announced "I have been
enlightened"
d. Beliefs Four Noble Truths
i. 1 life is suffering and pain
ii. 2 suffering is caused by desires of temporary pleasures
iii. 3 suffering and pain can be ended by ending desires
iv. 4 follow 8 Fold Path to end desires
v. Avoid Temp Pleasures Reach nirvana (no suffering) Moksha
e. Buddhists + Hindus believe in reincarnation
i. Zen Buddhists believe enlightenment can be achieved in a lifetime, so
there's no reincarnation
ii. Gautama became known as the Buddha
iii. No caste system
iv. There were missionaries who tried to convert
people
v. Currently, 1x106 Buddhists in the
Page8
Chinese Philosophy
· Confucianism `Follow the Five Relationships'
a. Founder
i. Kung Fu Tzu Confucius
ii. Born in 551BCE time of the Zhao dynasty
1.
2. witnessing much of the violence, wanted to distance
himself
iii. Became teacher, then on to becoming a teacher
1. taught history, music, moral and ethical
characters
b. Five Relationships ideal for path to peace in
i. Ruler
Subject
ii. Father
Son
iii. Husband
Wife
iv. Older Brother
Younger Brother
v. Friend
Friend
c. Political Life
i. Convinces prince of Lu to follow the five relationships
ii. Makes Confucius a judge
1. very fair and lenient some suspected
criminals were even
released
2. crime overall went down
iii. Lu becomes frustrated and allows Confucius to resign begins teaching
iv. Analects 400BCE collection of his teachings
· Taoism `Follow the way of the Tao'
a. Founder Lao Tzu ( 6th century BCE)
i. From around the time of Confucius
ii. Legend was that he was carried for 62 years before he was born had
white hair, wrinkled skin born a wise man
iii. From the time of the Zhao dynasty, so saw civil war, etc.
b. Nature
i. Only nature is important
ii. "Way of Virtue" book that states that `Tao'
controls all living things
iii. `All life but that of humans abide by the
Tao
c. Right/Wrong
i. If one wanted harmony, they should follow the way of the Tao
ii. This involved meditation and becoming one with nature
· Legalists `Peace requires strict laws and enforcement'
a. Founders Hanfeizi and Li Si
b. Rewards and Punishments
i. If a subject served their ruler, they would be compensated with money,
land, etc
ii. If a subject had no ID, they could lose a limb
iii. Censorship was supported books against gov't were burned
Page9
· Qin Dynasty
a. Peasants
i. Very Discontent
1. taxes were raised very hard to pay
2. labor quota was increased peasants expected to
work for gov't
for longer period of time 20 days 30 days
ii. willing to fight gov't for cruelties, so began to
form a rebel army with
local leadership not cohesive
b. Mandate of Heaven
i. Emperor has the divine authority to do as he pleases
ii. Not absolute, however if the empire was prosperous, he would stay in
power; if he was evil, people could overthrow him
iii. .: peasants said that Qin has lost the Mandate of Heaven, took up arms
c. Civil War began to fight the emperor's army
i. War lasted for many years
ii. There was both victory and death/destruction on both sides
iii. Peasant General was Liu Biang a legend at birth
1. "dragons witnessed his birth," so it was
said he would become a
legend one day
iv. Could not fight to a decisive victory
d. War Lords had own army and land intimidated locals to supply them
i. Xiang Yu aristocratic general of the Imperial Army
1. Decided to form an alliance with Liu Biang
2. Very successful Xiang Yu proposes peace treaty if he was
declared Emperor they agree
ii. Taxes were demanded, a %age went to Liu
iii. The alliance breaks down in 202BCE Liu tries to control
1. Xiang steps down, Liu declares himself the head of the dynasty
· Han Dynasty
a. Han Wudi
i. Created a highly centralized gov't with a large bureaucracy
1. 130k employees
2. Allowed for the division of responsibilities also a negative, as
lower-level power was lost
a. Poor communication can arise
b. Problems were slow to be solved
b. Land Reforms
i. Banned father son inheritance of property
ii. Land was divided equally between sons (333acres 111acres each, etc.)
iii. If the father had no sons, land would go to the gov't, which would then
be divided among peasants
iv. If the father refused to divide the land, it would
be seized and given to
the peasants
c. Han Expansion
i. Hsuing-Nu tribes often raided village along the Northern border
ii. An army was sent to
heavily damaged and easily defeated
iii. They were later bribed to leave the area,
however, they began to raid
villages weeks afterwards
Page10
1. the army began to pursue the
tribes, this displacement pushed
nomads out of Central Asia Huns who later attacked
Empire
iv. attacked
· Class and Gender
a. Marriages were arranged, with a dowry (marriage price) such as property and
money
i. Nobles were allowed to bring an attendant and a sister
b. Peasants
i. Condition did improve slightly land grants allowed them to farm more
etc. However, this land was not very lucrative
ii. Lived to age of ~45, aristocrats however lived into 60's and 70's
Page11
Ancient Greece
· Geography
a. Mainland + 1400 islands ranging from 0 Cretan Population
b. Islands secluded
c. Mainland mountains and valleys very rocky
i. Pockets of open areas secluded as well
ii. Development of Polis city-state
d. 25% arable, rest was rocky soil
i. grew many olives (grow well in rocky soil)
e. The Sea Med. And
i. Trade and resources, but also allowed for isolation from invaders
· Climate
a. Med. Climate
b. Hot/warm year round, with moderate rainfall most in winter months
c. Warm climate more time spent outside more involved in community
more involved in the political process
· Helladic Period
a. Mycenaean Civilization ancestors of Greeks
i. 1600-1100BCE
ii. Schliemann Discovered
determined to be ancestors of classical Greeks
iii. Pottery can be found in
iv. Bronze Tools Found
v.
1. 6K BCE 4K BCE mass migration of nomads to
2. majority were herders, grazing animals
3. switched to a sedentary lifestyle after moving to the
a. ability to establish population centers with sufficient food
and water
· Trojan War
a. Homer wrote about this during classical Greece
i. Odyssey, Iliad
b. Troy located in modern day Turkey
c. Helen wife of Agamemnon kidnapped
i. Sparked 10yr conflict between Troy and Greeks
d. Real reason for attack was strategic location, capturing Troy would allow
for an
increase in the control of trade
e. Ash dated to 1185BCE fires from a war
· Dorian Invasion
a. From
b. 1100BCE attack Mycenaeans
c. known as the Dark Ages of Greece
i. 1100-750BCE
ii. not interested in culture, arts, science no trade
iii. no written languages, so no written records
d.
period
Page12
· The Polis
a. Polis
villages
b. Ranged from 50-300mi2
· Types of Gov't
a. Monarchy king in charge, and rule passed on by heredity
i. Some claimed the divine right to rule
ii. Early Greek system was a Monarchy
b. Oligarchy small elite ruling
i. Usually chosen for the job by money and social
status
ii. Most common type of gov't in Greece
c. Aristocracy rule of the noble class based upon land ownership
i. Athens monarch aristocracy
d. Democracy ruled by citizens
i. Athens Aristocracy democracy
· Athens
a. Free male citizens could vote 20-30% of the population
i. 18yrs of age, citizen parents, no condition of servitude
b. women, 50% population, could not vote
c. 3 branches of gov't legislative, executive, judicial
i. USA has a Greco Roman system
ii. Trails were held in one day speedy justice
· Military
a. Persian Wars ended 490BCE involved the city-states and the Persian
Empire
b. Began in Ionia coast of Modern Day Turkey
c. Greeks in Ionia, etc (mostly merchants)
i. Part of the Persian Empire (bribes, etc)
ii. Fed up by Persian Law rebellion
iii. Forces sent to Ionia to Suppress the Greek Revolution
d. Athens, Sparta soldiers and supply to Ionia
e. 25k Persian Soldiers Greece successful Persians retreat
f. Philippedes went to warn Athens the marathon is named after him
· Pelopenesian War
a. 431-404BCE, between Athens and its allies and Sparta and its allies
b. Athens was attacked by Sparta, who wins
Page13
Roman Empire
· Geography
a. Tiber river from the Italian Highlands Tyrrhenian Sea
i. Series of 7 hills overlooking the coast on which the Romans built Rome
b. 5 sequential myths surrounding the construction of the city
i. Romulus and Remus were twin brothers of parents Mars and a Latin
Princess
ii. Shunned by the King and Queen, they were set afloat on the river
iii. Their cries were heard by a wolf who went on to
raise them
iv. They were then transferred to the care of Faustus
v. Romulus murdered his brother and founded Rome
c. Alps i. Natural barrier helped prevent attacks
ii. Gauls (from the north) occasionally would invade
iii. Trade was lacking as there were no good roads
d. Mediterranean
i. South of the
ii. Called the "Roman's Pond" because of their extensive control
iii. Helped in trade, mail
· Early Rome 800-509 BCE
a. Latins came from north of the Alps migrated south
b. Greeks ~775BCE came to southern coast of Italy looking for land, soil,
resources, etc
i. Imposed their customs in Latins, such as religion
ii. Established 50 colonies start of the Greek Empire
c. Etruscans more wall developed society and army
i. Greeks + Et's became trade partners
ii. Romans Greek religion and government which was passed to Et's
iii. Moved south ~600 to 509 BCE to the coast of
iv. Tarquin Superbus last Etruscan
King cruel and tyrannical
1. Aristocrats bribed the army to overthrow Tarquin
· The Republic - 509 BCE
a. Social Structure citizens voted to determine the course of gov't
i. Citizens were free-born males
ii. Patricians wealthy landowners who could vote and
hold land
iii. Plebians commoners such as farmers who could vote but held no
political office their vote had a reduced effect
iv. Slaves prisoners of war
b. Government
i. Executive - Consuls (two executives)
1. 1 year terms, and could not run for re-election for 10 years
done to avoid a possible monarchy
2. Could veto each other, as to allow for a compromise
ii. Legislative senate
1. Early on, was comprised of 300 patricians, and there was a
required 10 years in the military
a. Were able with domestic AND foreign policy
b.
iii. Judicial Praetors
1. typically Patrician interpreted laws and
passed judgment
Page14
iv. Military provided defense for the large empire
1. A starting point for those who wanted to hold public
office
2. Divided into legions 5k infantry and 1k cavalry
each
3. Members were originally from
the conquered citizens of joined the military
a. If a foreigner joined, they could become a Roman citizen
4. Resistance to the military was seen as punishable by death
· Cultural Connections
a. Trade a series of roads were built to connect vast areas
i. Some roads still exist and are used today
ii. Trade occurred with
and exotic animals)
iii. Emperor Nero has a palace that looked down on the coliseum he then
would retract the canopy to give the people inside heatstroke
b. Language spoken Latin
i. "Romance" languages of today have their roots in Latin
c. The Arts
i. Used arts a means through which to display their power and strength
large statues of the consuls were built
ii. Many large gov't buildings were built
d. Laws "The 12 Tables," 451 BCE a victory for the Plebians
i. Before, the laws were not written
ii. This gave an advantage for Plebians, who could read
iii. Roman law placed the burden of proof on the accuser, like US and many
other systems around the world
iv. Everyone but slaves was under the protection of
the law
Page15
Christianity
· Judea location of modern day
a. The Romans
i. Invaded and conquered the area in 63BCE, established naval bases to
secure shipping rights
1. At the time, the Roman Navy had encircled the
Sea
2. Military rule was in effect
3. There were Romanized and traditional Hebrew scholars
ii. Area was volatile Judea was a source of problems for the
Empire
b. Conflict 63 BCE, frequent fighting broke out between the Romans and Hebrew
tribes i. There was widespread refusal to abide by Roman rules and taxes
ii. Large scale rebellion from 4BCE 6 CE thousands of people on both
sides were killed
iii. Romans sent a massive force to conquer Judea they succeed
c. Diaspora dispersal of Hebrew tribes some ended up in Ethiopia, some
Chinese also claim to be descendants
· Jesus
a. Ministry
i. Born as a Roman Jew
ii. At the age of 30, began teaching and preaching "performing
miracles"
1. Acquired many poor people as his followers "his charity"
2. Romans saw him as a threat to stability
b. Pontius Pilate
i. Romans became nervous, arrested Jesus and put him on trial
1. He was found guilty of treason and was sentenced to death by
crucifixation
c. Apostles disciples present at the last supper
i. Originally, there were 12 of them duty was to perform missionary work
and spread the word of the Christian Faith
ii. Peter tried to spread word Romans did not welcome him, and had him
crucified
1. He asked to be crucified upside down
2. Known as the 1st Bishop of Rome Pope #1
iii. By 500CE, Christianity had spread through much of the Roman Empire
·
a. Persecution early on in its development, the Romans persecuted Christians
i. Because Christians did not view
was seen as being insulting
ii. Christian leaders began to be crucified or thrown into the arena at the
coliseum became martyrs and encouraged more people to join the
Christian movement
b. Constantine 313CE Roman Emperor
i. Miluian Bridge battle between himself and his enemies
1. As he was praying, "he sees a cross in the sky" sees this as a
sign and has the cross painted on front of their shields
2. states that Christianity is to be tolerated by the
Empire
Page16
Islam
· Introduction
a. Spiritual Revolution took place around 7th century CE, affected 3
continents and
launched the Islamic Empire
i. Empire was launched by the founding of Islam, by Mohammad
ii. Would take approx. 1 year to walk from one end of the
empire to
another
iii. While the people from the empire had different backgrounds, their
bond
was through faith
iv. Well renowned for technological innovation and
culture
v. Muslim scholars were the first to rediscover Greek knowledge, which as
been lost for centuries
1. Rebirth of Gk knowledge in 1200's and 1300's
vi. Its history is interwoven with that of Europe's
contact with EU was
both hostile and friendly
·
a. Bedouin Tribes nomadic peoples connected by blood
i. Most were herders and merchants who competed for scarce resources
ii. Tribes ranged in size from 15-100 people
b. Mecca East side of peninsula major trade and spiritual center
i. Location of the "Kabba" or "Cube" housed statues of
Bedouin gods and
goddesses
ii. Also inside the Kabba was a black stone an object descended from the
heavens
iii. It was declared that there would be no fighting in the city limits, so as
to
not drive away merchants and pilgrims
· Mohammed 570-632CE
a. Early Life born into Bedouin tribe both parents died by age 6
i. His closest living relative was an uncle, a leader of the Quarysh tribe
ii. Originally seen as an outside, he decided to become a long distance
merchant
b. Merchant took up profession to increase his status in the tribe
i. Would travel routes like Mecca Syria, bringing good back and forth
ii. On one mission, he met a woman named Khadija
1. Wealthy widow for who Mohammad would occasionally carry
goods for
2. This soon turned into a personal relationship she proposed to
Mohammad
3. Because Khadija is wealthy, he decides to stop working
c. The Trusted One "El Amin"
i. Begins to study the religion and history of the Bedouin Tribes
ii. Kabba with age, it begins to fall apart and needs to be repaired
1. As the idols are being removed, it came time to remove the
stone
the stone
2. Mohammad suggests placing the stone on a stretcher of cloth
"he saved the day"
Page17
· The Vision
a. Would frequently leave Mecca to meditate one night, "Gabriel descended
from
heaven, presenting himself to Mohammad" told him that the only true god
was
Allah
b. "Worship of idols is wrong" you are the messenger, so deliver
this word to all
people
· Islam
a. The Prophet spread the word of Gabriel
i. When he told people about this vision, very few people believed him
ii. Nonbelievers asked "where is the miracle"
b. Koran "message of god" "the miracle"
i. No original manuscript has been found earliest is from the 800's CE
ii. According to Muslim belief, the Koran was written during his lifespan
· Opposition
a. Bedouin polytheistic
i. Approached Mohammad's uncle "abandon the tribal protection you
have for him" didn't want to risk tribal conflict
ii. They felt that if people began to believe in Islam, they would no longer
come to the Kabba to worship no $ to the people there
b. Demands the call to cease protection was denied
i. In 619CE, his uncle and wife die
ii. Enemies see an opportunity, and issue death threats
iii. He leaves with a small contingent of followers many small trading
towns don't let Mohammad in, however, for fear of repercussions from
tribes
· Hejira 622 CE Year 1 in the Muslim Calendar
a. Yathreb tribal tension
i. Mohammad asked to be the mediator between tribal leaders
ii. After he solves the tensions, his house becomes the first mosque
iii. Yathreb renames to
· Five Pillars of Faith
a. Only one god Allah
b. All prayers must be done in the direction of Mecca
c. Ramadan must be observed as the holy month fasting from sunrise to sunset
d. Alms charity for the poor - must be given
e. Hajj should make at least one journey to Mecca in lifetime
· Return to Mecca 630 CE
a. Tribal Warfare
i. Had spent 8 years in Yathreb converted over 10k people
ii. Felt that he had enough followers to organize an
army and claim
in the name of Islam made new recruits by telling them that if they
died in battle, they would go to paradise
b. Makes contact with Bedouin, challenges to fight
i. Moves troops into the city, with the main target as the Kabba
ii. After soldiers secured city, they began to convert the people in both
voluntary and involuntary ways
c. Death of a Prophet who would be the next leader?
i. Two chosen Sunni and Shiite
Page18
· The Empire
a. The Message even though Mohammad was dead, his message was still alive
Arabic
i. "Only one god" the people were bound by faith, not blood
ii. Tribes began to form a cohesive group, with a further binding of
language
b. Military Campaigns
i. 700's 800's initially very successful as new territory was conquered,
the inhabitants were told to convert or die
ii. "People of the Book"
iii.
act as a mosque on Fridays, a church on Sundays
·
a. Education
i. Creation of universities, libraries, some Christians and Jews used
ii. Paper, introduced to the Muslims in 800's brought from
1. Manufacturing of it was began in Baghdad made recordings easier
b. Medicine
i. Tremendous amount of anatomical knowledge worked on corpses
(thought by EU to be unclean)
ii. Performed surgery, and used the method of quarantine
iii. Research into the Greeks allowed them to use tablets and information
about herbal medicines
c. Other Stuff
i. Astronomy large observation towers allowed them to look into the
night sky unobstructed
·
a. Dark Ages not much technology or scientific advances feudal strife and
wars
i. Most Europeans were laborers on farms, died between 45 and 50
b. Attacked in toe 700's,
c. Had sewers, street lights, paved roads
· Jerusalem, Israel
a. Holy City by Jewish, Muslim, Christian worshippers
i. Christians Christians Christ was crucified outside the city gates and
buried in a cave-like tomb
ii. Muslims when Mohammad died, he ascended to paradise from
b. 800's-900's Muslim armies invade, but are forced to coexist
i. All 3 groups wanted a claim on the city
c. Religious Tension
i. 1009 Caliph El Hakim orders Church of Holy Sepulcher to be burned
ii. built around the cave where Jesus was buried, it
was seen as highly
insulting
iii. Christians began to be arrested
d. Advisors begin to write the El Hakim had a mental defect
e. As word of the events reached EU, discussion began to take place about
possible
action - Crusades
Page19
Africa
·
a. Heavily involved in the gold trade
b. Berbers African nomads and traders
i. After the Romans left North Africa, Berbers took over the power vacuum
c. Camel allowed for the transport of goods along long distances
d. Berbers Make contact with the people of Ghana
· Trade
a. Ghana has a plentiful suppoy of gold, but needs many other resources
i. Gold
Salt trade with Berbers
· Decline
a. Muslim Merchants that settle in Ghana become gov't officials
b. Over time, most citizens convert to Islam, in 1075, Muslim armies began
forced
conversions King of Ghana disappears
c. 1250CE
Page20
· Sui Dynasty 589-619 CE inefficient at governing
a.
i. The gov't wanted a more cohesive empire, and as most roads turned to
mud, ability to ship via waterways was needed
ii. Stretched from the
iii. Most of the work was done by manual labor - ~1million workers
iv. ~400k workers died on the project some died
because of disease,
others died from structural collapse
1. This led popular opinion to turn against the dynasty
v. Allowed for the transport of rice from South to
route
vi. Simultaneously, the Great Wall was being
constructed
b. Rebellion caused by unhappy peasants
i. Over-taxation and canal deaths was the main reason for discontent
1. Taxes peasants were taxed more (as a portion of their income)
erosion of power
ii. In 618CE, raised an organized rebel army
1. Found that the official and upper class would give them more
power
· Tang 618-907CE
a. Territorial expansion reclaimed land lost under the Han Dynasty
i. Military campaigns were relatively successful also able to take over
Korea
ii. With new territories, there was a power void
b. Civil Service successful under the Han, it was reorganized for the Tang
i. Schools were set up to train possible gov't officials eliminated the
power of large families
ii. Students were taught Confucianism and History, as the country was
governed by the 5 relationships
iii. Exit exam few students passed
iv. Very few peasants entered, as literacy was
required
c. Decline began ~800-907CE
i. The Western Frontier was continually attacked trade decreased and
the economy was disrupted
ii. Muslim armies were winning these border skirmishes
iii. The Tang began to hire peasants into the military created problems as
people were taken from farms, and taxes had to be raised on the
remaining peasants
iv. Series of drought famine peasants began to leave farms and start
plundering
v. It was thought that if an Emperor could not maintain order or ensure a
proper food supply he had lost the Mandate of Heaven
1. Peasants believed this to be the case and attacked Chiang' an
the city was burned and the emperor killed
· Song 960-1279 founded by Song Taizu
a. Background/Overview
i. Was a major failure as a military power trouble
with nomadic tribes in
1. Territory was lost in the N and W
ii. Successful in economic and political spheres
1. better than any other empire at the time
b. Civil Service Exams
i. All male Chinese were invited to attend however, no peasants as they
were illiterate and had no money
ii. Little promotion of elementary education nothing state run
only
people with tutors could hope to enter
iii. Under Tang, only 1 exit exam changed to 3 under the Song
1. Qualifying Exam yearly at the Provincial Capital
a. Fail retake
b. Pass in middle given village position
c. Top percentiles could move to second level
2. Second Level Exam
a. Fail retake or take a village post
b. Middle given a district post
c. Top Percentiles could move to third level
3. Third Level Exam given once every three years
a. Fail could not retake given a district post
b. Top given an imperial level post
iv. There was cheating, as the pressure was very high
1. Students caught were kicked out
c. Government
i. Structure
1. Imperial Government
2. Provincial Government states/governors, etc
3. Districts like counties
4. Village like cities
ii. District level - Song wanted less than 100K people otherwise, too
difficult to provide services and supplies
1. Every few years a census was taken, and if over 100K people,
district lines were redrawn
iii. Villages mostly farming hundreds of them in a
district
1. As governor could not oversee all of them, leaders had a great
deal of autonomy
2. The magistrate paid low base salary, so the local leaders began
to charge for dispute settlement this practice was overlooked
by the imperials
3. The peasant who gave the most money to the leader won
d. Economy flourished
i. Silk Road ran from China to Israel merchants heavily profited
1. Exports Silk, Pepper, Saffron, Opium
2. Climate was very rough ran through deserts and mountains
3. Protection was given to merchants while in
series of forts
4. Disease spread because of this, however, plague etc
ii. Sea Trade experienced with trade with SE Asia, JP, KR already began
to send ships to India and Persia
Page22
1. Marco Polo wrote that the Chinese ships were much larger
than
EU ships
e. Society
i. Most people lived in the rural areas
ii. Urban centers were growing with artisans and merchants
iii.
1. Because of its location, many shipments came in daily
iv. Villages were autonomous and isolated
1. As there was little trade, most people lived their entire life in the
village
v. Gender roles
1. Marriages were mostly arranged parents would negotiate
finances
2. Dowry for the wife was given to the husband
3. Bride would then move into the same house as the groom and
his parents 3 gens in one roof
4. Women were expected to stay in the house and care for
children/cook
5. Foot Binding began in the Tang, changed to a custom in the
Song started at age 4/5
a. Done to keep women subjugated to men
6. Men grew nails out showed that they did not need to work
Page23
Mongols
Genghis Khan
· Goals
a. To unite Mongols and kill the enemy
b. To be the only sovereign on Earth
c. To create the largest empire ever known
· Military Campaigns used tactics such as the mock retreat
· Psychological Warfare
a. Spies spread the word that the Khan's army was invincible
b. Matched his words with actions by massacring people in his path
· Mongol Peace
a. First Mongol language emperor determined to live forever
b. Enforced law + order, created trade rules
c. High religious toleration
d. Spies spread the word that the Khan's army was invincible
· Mail System
a. 300miles/day speed of travelers
b. Mailmen had the authority to tell others to give up horses allowed for the
uninhibited path of information
The Mongols
· Mongol Invasions
a. Prestor John
i. By early 1200's, Mongol armies had taken over C. Asia,
moving into the Middle East/Russia
ii. Christians in the
approaching armies
iii. As Mongols + Muslims fight, Christians send word back to
iv. Europeans are either indifferent or joyful, as
they think that approaching
armies are descendants of Prestor John
v. It was said that there was a ME kingdom headed by king Prestor John in
7th century all a myth
b. Muslims fought with little success, especially in C. Asia
i. Seljuk Turks were able to partially stop the Mongols
ii. Many conquered people were allowed to practice their religion some
Mongols even converted to Islam
·
a. Batu 1236 led 200K men into
i. A previously Muslim Kingdom,
b. Peasants
i. Before the Mongols, life was very hard laborers with little money and
short lives
ii. Under the Mongols, life began even worse, as they fled and sought
protection from the Russian Princes
iii. Princes turned the peasants into Serfs in payment lasted this way until
1861
c. Moscow Burned rebuilt in 1240's
i. Would become a powerful city (econ and political), due to collected
tributes and being seat of power in area for Mongols
Page24
ii. Princes took $$ to treasury, which was then inventoried
and sent east
iii. Princes began to skim money off of tribute payments this practice
could mean death, however
· Mongol Impact
a. Destruction towns and cities case where physical destruction of cities
led to
an increase in the number of refugees
i. Some cities were untouched by the Mongols these became
overcrowded and placed a strain on their governments
ii. Psychological toll C + W Europe were the last places to be attacked,
thus rumors that they were to be attacked preoccupied govt's for years
b. Trade associated with violence and destruction, but aso has positive
impacts
i. Standard laws from one end to the other
ii. Merchants were able to travel great distances without fear of robbery
iii. One tech that was introduced to Europe was gunpowder
c. Disease in 1346, lay siege to the city of
i. A colony of
ii. Commanders in the Mongol Army began to notice that their troops were
dying of a disease these were then catapulted into the city walls
1. When the Italians transported bodies to the sea, they were
merely spreading the disease
iii. When the Genoese retreat, hey take the disease with hem, eventually to
iv. 25 million doe in
v. Caused by infected rats who transfer dirty blood to humans through
fleas
Page25
· Geography
a. Archipelago island chain
i. Composed of 4 large islands, 4000 smaller islands
1.
2. Most people live on Honshu
b. Land - Constructed through a series of volcanic eruptions
i. Mountainous terrain in many areas only 15% arable .:much food
comes from fishing
ii. Most of the arable land is on
and seafood content
iii. Comprised of islands,
1. Ruled by local leaders
2. Viewed the rest of the world as inferior
c. Climate mild throughout most of the islands, with the exception of
Hokkaido
( heavy snow)
i. Moderate rainfall most falls May thru Oct (typhoon season)
· Early Japan 5th Century
a. Hundreds of clans, each with their own political system, economy, religious
sect
i. Each had its own army ranged form 30 to thousands
ii. Fought frequently over resources such as farmland and logging rights
b. Shinto connected to nature (similar to Taoism)
i. Connected to various physical features (mountains, rivers, etc)
ii. Food offerings were made to gods in hope of rain, end to extreme
weather, etc
c. Rising Sun seen on today's flag, represents
i. Shinto Myth Sun goddess by the name of Amarterasu
ii. Sent her grandson to Earth armed with a bronze mirror, iron sword, and
a jeweled necklace, and stones to keep him safe
iii. Clan leaders who claimed to be his descendants said they had the right
to rule
Europe
· Feudalism
a.
i. Built mostly through intimidation and violence
ii. With each generation, inhabitants grew more used to Roman rule grew
up in an increasingly Romanized world
1. A minority of people saw the Romans as outsiders
2. Legions a reputation of invincibility welcomed for their
security
iii. Uniform civil code
iv. Stable gov't high promotion of order, as they
rules with a great deal of
structure
v. Economy strong, as legions protected trade
vi. 476CE
1. Disease, plague, lead poisoning (gov't officially had indoor
plumbing made of lead eventual poisoning led to their inability
to judge clearly)
2. Nomadic invasions from E and C Europe
3. Political system collapses, leading to a void in power
b. Hierarchy
King
Lord
Vassals/Lesser Lords
Lord
10% Each
Knights
Lord
80%
Peasants
i.
ii. Bottom to Top
1. P King, P Vassal, P Knight; "Lord"
2. Knight Vassal, Knight King; "Lord"
3. Vassal King; "Lord"
c. Feudal Contract end of the Western Roman Empire
i. Based on rules and obligations, lasted a lifetime for most people
ii. Sometimes these contracts were verbal assumed
iii. Lord would grand Vassals "fiefs," or plots of land, which would
then be
divided among the serfs to work on
d. Kings would send their sons to military school training to become a Knight
i. When 21, ceremony of knighting took place Vassals collected $ for the
king
ii. POW's would be held for ransom, not killed
e. Knights warrior class
i. Followed a code of conducts called Chivalry
religious and moral virtues
ii. Told to "face the enemy" and not attack from behind also
prohibited
the attack of women and children
iii. These rules were rarely followed Chivalry became a set of social rules
iv. "Must use 3 fingers or utensils,"
"can't spit at table"...
Page27
· Manorialism
a. Design of Manor
i. Surrounding woodlands provided resources for fire
and buildings
1. Peasants needed permission to go into the wood to gather
supplies
2. Lords hunted for their family
ii. Pasture grazing land for animals
iii. Lord's house frequent invasions by enemy kings led to the Lords'
houses to be surrounded by walls
1. Not nearly as much protection as a castle only for deterring
iv. Land for the church was donated by the Lords
(Catholic)
v. Tolls were charged for people to cross through the Manor if $ was not
paid, they would be turned back
vi. Mill free for use by peasants IF they gave part
of their crops
vii. Peasant housing 1 room with sod roof, dirt floor,
cooking pit, outhouse
1. Bed, change of clothes, candle, few utensils
viii. 3 field system
b. Social Roles
i. Lord usually a knight had other knights under his command (in town,
a castle, etc)
1. Lived to be 50-60 years old
ii. Peasants (serfs) if rebelled, Knights were called in
1. Lived to be 40 years old max
2. Bound to the land could not leave, and were forced to work
14-18hours/day
3. Under the Romans, villas became manors, slaves became serfs
4. Very little social mobility if the man left, it would be
death for
the wife and kids
a. 25% infant mortality for peasants
5. System was in place all over Europe declined in 1300's in most
of Europe, 1800's in
iii. Priests Latin or Greek, from the aristocratic class
1. Peasants sometimes joined the monastery, but this was rare, as
most could not read
c. 3 Field System
1
3
2
i.
1. After 1 season, "1" laid fallow, planted in "3"
2. After 2 seasons, "2" laid fallow, planted in "1"
3. After 3 seasons, "3" laid fallow, planted in "2"
4. Laid fallow to rest
5. Clovers were planted in fallow fields to aerate the soil
ii. Crops varied by season allowed for backup in the event one crop failed
1. Spring Barley, Peas, Beans, etc
2. Winter wheat and rye
iii. Land was divided into plots, Demesne fields for exclusive manorial
feeding
1. Regardless of the harvest, 15-20% of the food went to the
manor surplus was sold for money
Page28
d. Significance
i. The sole economic system in Feudal Europe
ii. Manorialism + Feudalism go together Manorial was the social aspect
iii. Manors were self sufficient contact with the local town for trade
1. No long distance trade was needed, as the towns were at max 3
miles away
Page29
Indian Ocean Trade
· Geography Horn N Tanzania
a. Unique culture not very much influence from the west, due to little
contact
i. EU was restricted to the NW coast of Africa, little contact with East Africa
ii. When sailing around Africa to India, E Africa was only a supply stop
· Immigrants
a. 1st Century CE 10th Century CE
i. Bantu speak language called "Bantu"
1. Leave S/SC Africa due to a lack of resources (large
population)
2. Some move to
population
3. The Bantu culture prevails indigenous people begin to
intermarry as well
ii. 8th and 9th Century immigrants from S. Arabian
Peninsula Gulf of
Oman Somalia
1. Moved for several reasons to the "Zanj"
(Arabic for
a. Rumors of gold and other resources
b. Some left as refugees of the wars between Islamic and
Non-Islamic forces
· Cultural Diffusion
a. Dispersion of culture Islam was new to
i. Many, but not all, E. Africans converted
ii.
b. Arabic, when mixed with native African tongues, became Swahili
c. Trade began to flourish
· Trade 30 major cities by 12/1300's
a. Some cities were very wealthy, due to exports of gold, ivory, iron, slaves, exotic
animals
b. Trade with the ME was smooth, as there was a common religion/language
"brotherhood"
c. Some goods went to
d. 3 major cities
i. Mombassa
ii.
iii.
·
a. Cheng Ho made 7 voyages from 1405-1433
i. Was a Muslim from W China, along the
ii. Was a Eunuch by choice "an honor"
1. This was done so that he wouldn't have relations with any of the
Emperor's concubines
2. This way, the emperor could be guaranteed if a heir
was his
iii. An expert captain
b. Trade Contacts
i. 7 long distance voyages were made out of curiosity and desire for new
trade paths
ii. Routinely put life on the line ocean voyages were very
difficult
1. sailors tried to hug the coats, but
sometimes they were forced
into open water
Page30
2. Past
iii. Orders were made by the Emperor for exotic animals
c. Discontinuation
i. Voyages were ended in 1433, as they were not seen to be cost effective
ii. Money was needed to fight the Mongols
Page31
Islamic Civilization
· The Crusades - 1099
a. Byzantine Empire Eastern Roman Empire
i. Survived until 1453, well beyond the Western Roman Empire
ii. Named after the capital
iii. Enemy Armies Muslims attacked parts of the empire (lost
territory in
1. Alexis the 1st becomes alarmed as enemies approach asks
for protection of the Holy Sepulcher (the burial grounds of Christ)
holiest church in the Christian faith
2. As
through means of the Catholic kings of EU
3. Schism between E and W Catholics did not deter this "Muslims
are the enemy"
iv. Pope tours
and the unjust war calls for 100K men (many French, some Germans)
1. Supply line extends for 300 miles into
2. Troops journey from 1096-1097 to reach
· Jerusalem 1099
a. Crusaders enter Jerusalem in 1099, the 100K large army overwhelms the Muslim
defense force many Muslim civs and soldiers are killed - Arab Christians are
also killed
b. Some escape from Jerusalem into the Arabian Peninsula and Baghdad
c. 10K Crusaders stay in Jerusalem, 80K return because most Muslims had been
killed, the role of the remaining was to build castles
· Castles safe supply route
a. Crusaders built castles every 20-30 miles with 600 knights each to extend
into
Asia Minor
b. If attacked, a bonfire would be set in the courtyard other castles would
see this
and come to the ailing castle's aid
· Muslims
a. Caravans supplied trade products
b. When knights on patrol encountered Muslim merchants, they would often rob
them of spices (especially pepper)
i. Soldiers set up a spice trade with EU
ii. Wanting to maintain a supply, the knights begin to cooperate with the
Muslim merchants first int'l trade in 700 years
· Saladin - 1138-1198
a.
i. After 100 years, wanted the city back marches on
12K man army
ii. Even though they outnumber the number of knights
10K Saladin's
men are at a disadvantage because of the inefficiency of a frontal attack
1. While making battle plants, notices that the ground is parched
burns easily
iii. 800 men rode to the city gates and began to fire once fire was
returned, they retreated slowly, and led out the Knights until darkness
fell
Page32
1. Knights set up camp, decide to search for Muslims in the
morning
iv. In the morning, the Muslims were ordered to bring
torches with them
1. Within a mile of the Crusaders' camp, Saladin's army lights the
grass on fire
2. Winds push fire towards the camp by the time alarm is
sounded, most trapped in total, 6K die
v. Saladin then lays siege to Jerusalem
b. Results
i. Saladin decided not to seek revenge against the Christians in the area
religious toleration
ii. This did NOT end the Crusader cause to capture the city
· Mongol Invasion
a. Hulegu a grandson of Genghis Khan
i. When Genghis died, the empire was divided into Khanates
1. Hulegu was in charge of one of them highly ambitious
ii. Starting in the `stans, Hulegu decided to move West
and conquer
Mesopotamia and
b. Three Horse Rule
i. To belong to the Mongol army, one needed three horses
ii. Two reasons for this
1. Psychological warfare bags of hay would be put on 2 horses,
rider would be on the third made the army look much larger
than it really was many rulers surrendered
2. Mongols would use the horses as backups near the battle site,
they would kill and eat horse #1 horse 2 was for the battle,
horse 3 for the return home
c. Seljuk Turks 1243
i. Attempted to defend their territory defeated by the Mongols
ii. Good for the Ottomans, as the empire developed
d.
i. Mongols approach, Hulegu attempts to take over
ii. Sends an emissary, who is then accepted by the Caliph
1. "If you surrender, your citizens will be spared" Caliph
refuses
and kills the emissary
iii. Hulegu has siege weapons, and is able to break into the city reported
that 800K people along with the Caliph are killed
1. Bodies of the dead were stacked into 30foot tall towers meant
to intimidate other kingdoms
iv. Worst catastrophe ever for the ME
· European Response
a. Nestorians Ethnic Europeans who helped the Mongols as spies
i. Seen by the Muslims as traders and pilgrims
ii. This practice was stopped when the Mongols attacked
nation
b. Mamluks POWs who defeated Mongols
Page33
The Maya
· Geography
a. Mesoamerica (Middle America) Pre-Columbian Period
i. Consisted of
ii.
iii. Commonality stone monuments, religion, language,
writing
b. Climate
i. Warm tropical moderate to heavy rainfall (May to October)
ii. Disadvantage tropical climate = jungle little arable land
c. Agriculture
i. No metal tools, so sharpened stone axes were used to cut trees down
1. "Slash and burn" not as labor intensive, would allow for
Carbon to fertilize the soil
ii. Swamps were drained (room for the growing population), and canals
were built
iii. Crops Maize (corn), Yams, Cacao Beans
d. Population 20K-250K
i. By year 800, there were 5 million Mayans
ii. Through crops, most people were supported however, pop>>available
crop 1. Many cities abandoned by 900-1000
iii. King Scribes/Priests Artisans Farmers Slaves POW
· Cities
a. Design pyramids were temples for gods and goddesses
i. Gov't buildings and palace for King and his family
ii. Market place, residences for scribes and artisans were also present
b. Ball court
50 yds
i.
ii. Mayans would wear pads, try to move a ball through
the hoops without
using their hands or feet
iii. The loser would be religiously sacrificed to the gods
c. Stelne stone pillars with hieroglyphics
i. Some still exist today tell accomplishments of rules, cities, etc
ii. Used in religious ceremonies and sacrifices as well
d.
i. Pyramids 91 steps per side + 1 platform = 365 horizontal standing
surfaces
ii. A well was excavated in 1923, where thousands of human remains were
found once executed, people were thrown into the
well
iii. Survived until the early 1400's, one of the longest surviving Mayan
cities
iv. Hieroglyphics were found in an underground burial
chamber sacred
e. Tulum "City of
i. On the
ii. All buildings were built facing east rising sun
iii. Not discovered by the Spanish until the 1600's guarded by a forest
Page34
· Writing System
a. Hieroglyphics
i. 287 known glyphs
ii. Used to record myths, religion, gov't activities, tribute
collection
iii. Knowledge Lost
1. De Landa arrived in the
to convert the locals to Catholicism
2. Finds Mayan writing beings to destroy as much as
possible to
eradicate signs of pre-Columbian life
· Calendar and Numerical System
a. Two types solar (365 days) and sacred (260
days)
i. Long count fixed date
ii. Year 1 3114BCE
b. Base 20 counting
i. Line = 5, dots on bottom = 1, dots on top = 20
=32
ii.
· Collapse Theories
a. Overpopulation unable to support with food
i. 5million people at the height of the empire
b. disease
c. foreign invasion Aztecs
d. Internal conflicts
Page35
The Renaissance
· Bubonic Plague
a. Hopei Province, Northern China near Mongolia first written record of
epidemic
i. Dated to 1330CE approx 5 million Chinese in the area died
ii. Epidemic localized disease moved and affected a larger area
iii. Pandemic not localized (across many continents)
1. Transmitted through trade routes high speed transmission
b. Kaffa located on Crimean Peninsula (near Black Sea)
i. Plague 1346CE had come into the Genoan city state
ii. 1346 Mongols lay siege to city, soldiers begin
to die mysteriously
corpses thrown into the city
iii. When the Kaffkites fled, the disease was transmitted to
Genoa
iv. Most infections were due to rats and fleas in the
cargo
c. Consequences
i.
1.
2.
the plague through quarantine
ii. Because most Europeans were unfamiliar with infectious diseases, there
was major death
iii. Symptoms high fever, coughing, sneezing, joint pains, bumps on
lymph nodes progressed to abdomen, turns black
iv. "Ring Around the
Rosie" nursery rhyme about plague
v. Small town outside
live 1. Took blood samples all had the Delta-32 gene immunity
vi. 25 million dead (1/3 population)
many job openings
1. Manorial peasants were able to move to the ity and get jobs
even without experience
2. Competition to keep peasants led to an improvement in
conditions, creation of the middle class
vii. Clergy hardest hit, as they gave last rite and contracted disease 80-
90% dead
· Rebirth
a. Italian city states first to recover and rediscover Roman knowledge
b. Economics high banking and trade prominent families such as the de
Medici
founders of the concept of interest
c. Personal and state wealth aided by new surge in banking
i. Taxes because there was lots of income, amount of taxes was high,
surplus created
ii. Money was spent on entertainment arts, literature, drama
iii. Wealthy patrons of the art hired sculptors, etc
d. Took place in N Europe later than in
i. By 1500CE, condition was much like in the city states
ii. Economic shift Italian condition begins to stabilize,
climb
iii. 1492
1. Trade with ME, Mediterranean,
Page36
Protestant Reformation
· Babylonian Captivity (Diaspora, refers to 70 year time period in which
Jews
held in
a. Philip IV king of
i. Had difficulties with foreign diplomacy
ii. Longtime rival of
iii. After a series of wars, the treasury had run dry
b. Tax raised to pay for war
i. Commoners already had a heavy tax burden no more money to give
thus, their tax could not be raised further
ii. Nobility if taxed, favor would be lost
iii. Only option left was the church
1. Typically very wealthy land, 10% of the income of each
parishioner (tithe0
2. Taxation of the church was unprecedented
c. Papal Reaction
i. 1294 Pope Boniface VIII ordered the churches not to pay the tax
1. Papal Bull was written, ordering Philip IV to stop taxing the
church
ii. Philip IV while fearful of excommunication, continues to tax clergy,
elicits protest
iii. Because he is head of the nation, doesn't want to be excommunicated
hires mercenaries (headed by his brother in law) to kill the Pope
1. Mercenaries find the Pope in his villa at Agnai defeat the
bodyguards leader of the mercenaries isn't able to
kill the Pope,
as he is Catholic
2. Pope later has a series of strokes dies under a month later
iv. French Pope is elected, seat of power moved to
until 1378 (~4 popes)
1. Allowed for taxation of the clergy
2. Because of its location in
Catholic church as corrupt
· Plague
a. Consequences
i. 80-90% clergy dead not enough to collect tithe
ii. Job vacancies Pope wanted to fill positions as quickly as possible
1. Many unqualified people were hired illiterate, no training, etc
2. For example, people were given bizarre advice in confessionals
iii. People began to doubt the authority of the church
· Great Schism
a. 3 popes elected in 1378 2xItalian, 1xFrench problem = don't know what
pope to follow
b. 1417 popes begin to accuse each other of crimes (murder, incest) all
resign
i. German pope Martin V elected highly neutral
· Luther Protestant Reformer
a. 95 Theses 1517 complaints and questions about practices of the church
i. Nailed to a church door in Wittenberg
ii. Main protest sale of indulgences (if a sin was committed - $ church=
sin absolved) most successful protest
Page37
b. Papal reaction Leo X - excommunicates Luther
c. Diet (meeting) of
i. Luther from Saxon Holy Roman Empire (HRE) Charles V Leader
1. Common element Catholic church
2. Saw Luther as a threat felt that he would dissolve the church,
so calls meeting
ii. Voices his concern, orders these be revoked Luther refuses, so he
becomes an outlaw (no longer protected)
d. Prince of Saxony Frederick IV meets with Luther and takes him to castle
Wartburg
i. Ideas were privately supported
ii. Luther stays in the castle for 3 years, translated the Bible from Latin to
German
e. HRE Reaction many German states
i. Peasants supported this because it was seen as a revolutionary idea no
longer wanted to be subject to their landlords
ii. Merchants and Artisans disliked tithe, liked Luther's idea that money
was not sinful
iii. Conversion was not easy or quick 30 years war 1618 -1648
Catholic vs. Protestant princes
1. Treaty of
choose the religion of their state
2. Religious tolerance
Page38
The Enlightenment
· New Thinking
a. Scientific Revolution 1700's-1800's
b. New ways of thinking Scientific Method
searching for the truth
i. Logic and reason ideal method
ii. Truths of the past should be questioned with math and science new
theories
c. Advances in the medical and technological fields
d. Social Sciences history, economics, political science, geography,
cartography,
sociology, psychology
i. Analysis of thought process would lead to a better society
ii. Political Science
1. Thinkers were against the absolute monarchy felt that a
constitutional monarchy was better
a.
2. People needed rights guaranteed in a constitution freedom of
speech, religion, etc
a. Freedom of religion was a hot topic reformation in
1500's and 1600's
b. Freedom of speech no retribution
iii. Economics
1. Adam Smith Wealth of Nations advocated Laissez Faire
free market
a. Competition was good, people should be free to earn
the max amount of money
iv. Sociology social norms, behaviors, and laws
1. Concluded that crime could not be controlled by
brute force
2. Rehabilitation new idea criminals would be imprisoned,
taught during their jail term
· Principles - 4
a. People are improvable
i. Radical thought, as society was still stratified
ii. I.e., farmers could be taught to read, be reassigned to a higher class
b. Education could improve people
i. Discouraged blind faith (religion) truth can only be attained with logic,
reason, science
c. People should be free (antislavery) would make progress inevitable
d. Religious tolerance intolerance only lead to wars, which were pointless
· Goals
a. Society wanted ot be free
b. Through education and motivation to acquire wealth, people will have a
better
quality of life
c. Mary Wollstonecraft saw the thinkers as biased
i. If man should have rights of a monarch, felt women should have rights
of men
ii. Tried to promote her ideals radical thought during that time
Page39
The Ottoman Empire
· Mehmet II 1451-1481
a. 12 years old when he became sultan heavily influenced by advisors
b. Ambition mostly acting on advice from his advisors
i. Main goal was to gain territory for the empire
c. Constantinople lies between Balkans and Asia Minor city fell in 1453
i. Needed to win over the city to expand
ii. Last Christian stronghold in the region a desired
target since the 1st
sultan Osmond, in the 1100's
1. Symbolic Muslim vs. Christians
iii. Commanding trade location, but also strategically placed in terms of
defense Turks were wary of fighting a two front war
iv. Population of the city was only 50K (10% of pop in
1300)
1. 7-8K soldiers, Ottomans had 100K
v. 3 rings of walls surrounded the city, some were 100feet tall and 30 feet
wide only way to get into the city would be through the navy
1. The Turks tried to surround the city, but were stopped by a
submerged chain lying across the channel
2. The boats were wheeled across, and lay siege to the city
vi. May 24, 1453 Ottomans enter city, defeat the
Christian army
vii. Mehmet goes to Hajia Sophia, orders it to be converted to a
Mosque
viii. Name changed to
d. Rhodes 148 island off the SW Coast of modern
i. Invaded by Mehmet II because it was a Christian outpost on an island
(castle + town)
ii. Once served as a trade center when the Ottomans took over
minor
iii. Rhodes frequently attempted to harass Ottoman shipping with the help
of pirates
Ottomans
1. Invasion was carried out to put an end to this
iv. Ottoman soldiers charged towards the castle, but
had to retreat a
bitter loss after
v. Mehmet died at age 42 of a stroke
· Suleiman 1520-1566 considered the greatest sultan
a. Early Life
i. Highly educated was groomed to become a sultan
(learned to read,
write, Muslim faith)
ii. Also trained as a goldsmith believed it would help him connect with
subjects
iii. Became a sultan at age 26 wanted to expand the empire
b. Ibrahim Pasha childhood friend, highly influential
i. It is believed that he was a Greek convert to Islam
ii. Devshirme System abducted and enslaved children from the Balkans,
then Ottomanized
1. Children would then become Janissary (soldiers and bodyguards)
or gov't officials
2. this was done so the ultimate loyalty of the
children would be to
the sultan they thought themselves to be orphans "children
of the sultan"
iii. Married Suleiman's sister, nominated to become the Grand Vizar
Page40
c. Kunen Law Giver
i. Brilliant military leader, but was known for order at home
ii. Wrote a single legal code for all of the empire united everyone
· Rhodes 1522 still controlled by Christians and aided by pirates
a. Suleiman decided that this would be his first major military campaign
b. Upon charging to the castle, the troops would be kept far away and artillery
would be sent over the wall
c. Slaves were ordered to build tunnels towards the wall, put gunpowder inside
i. After 145 days, the fuses were lit and the walls were brought down
ii. Many slaves died in the tunnel collapse not all could escape
d. Troops pored through walls, took over the island within a matter of days
e. After the campaign, his reputation increased the sultan who could conquer
Rhodes
· Mohacs 1526 on the west side of the Danube river, attacked from the
East
a. Believed Danube R was the last natural barrier to Ottoman expansion
b. Hungarian King Louis most of his soldiers were peasants without training
i. Forces destroyed by Suleiman, Lois killed in battle
ii. Europe became very worried, as the last natural barrier had been
breached
·
a. After
b. EU gathers coalition to defend the city hoping to stop Suleiman
c. Suleiman reaches
d. First 2 Ottoman assaults were repulsed, decided to lay siege to the city
through
the winter
i. Winter came early, Ottomans faced heavy snow
soldiers died of
exposure and disease
ii. Decided to retreat
iii.
(crescent shape)
Page41
Exploration
· Crusades Christian reclamation of
a. Exchange develops between EU and Arab merchants
i. EU gains insights into a mostly unknown world
ii. Spices and Silk two major import items into
b. European Market mostly upper class
i. There was a heavy increase in demand supply not as high
Supply
Price
ii.
Demand
iii. Price was naturally kept high
· Ottoman Empire began to take over the Byzantine 1453, Constantinople
a. Fear EU has increased power in Europe
b. Turks much different then the previous society
i. Muslims wanted control of ME, Holy Land, N. Africa
ii. Turks saw it as their destiny to control
c. Inter-regional trade disrupted by the Turk takeover
i. Supply went down, as trade with ME/Asia restricted
ii. Exceptions
Ottomans
1. Open trade high prosperity
iii. EU looked for new ways to circumvent the Ottomans
· Sea Voyages 14th Century
a. Technology not many nautical advances (compass, etc), so the sun was used
to navigate
i. Long distance voyages were very dangerous until 1300's, tech barrier
ii. 1291 Vivaldis leave
islands
iii. Boats typically a V shaped hull rode low in the water, so waves could
easily come in
1. Lack of cargo area could not go for long voyages
b.
i. Source of most spices and silk
ii. EU wanted direct trade - bypass Ottomans
iii. During 1300's, lack of technology to do it
· Technology 15th Century
a. Compass introduced ~1430 by Arab merchants who got it from Chinese (had
for centuries)
i. Tremendously helped with navigation
b. Rounded hulls were introduced rode much higher in the water, and could
carry
more cargo
i. Allowed the use of cannons on deck antipiracy
Page42
·
a. Geographic location heavy influence on economy and foreign policy
i. Interested in Atlantic voyages aggressively built rounded hull ships
ii. Aware of Africa, but did not know how far south it extended
b. Henry the Navigator Member of the Royal Family
i. Interested in sailing + exploring first explorer in Europe
ii. Takes a fleet to Africa makes it to
of a lack of supplies
1. Able to chart the coast in detail
2. Stopped at some points, brought back gold and slaves
c. 1492, when Columbus finds Indies, Portugal steps up speed
d. 1488 Vasco de Gamma keeps coastline in view at all times
i. Finds the southern tip of Africa, but is ravaged by storms - crew
demands a turnaround
ii. Goes to King John found the Cape of Good Hope
e. 1498 Vasco de Gamma runs out of supplies stops in Mombassa (east coast
of
i. Some crew went on shore the crew on the ship were almost hijacked
fended off
ii. Arabs grew to dislike the Europeans
iii. De Gamma makes it to
found
1. Slaves and spices sent to
2. This trade allows Portuguese to sell spices at 1/5th the price of
anywhere else monopoly
· Spain
a. Unification 1492
i. Muslim fortress in Grenada attacked and defeated by Spanish allowed
to be a unified Kingdom under Ferdinand (Aragon) and Isabella (Castille)
ii. Allowed the gov't to focus on building the Armada, exploration trade
lagged behind
b. Italian Navigator 1492
i. Approaches Ferdinand and Isabella about expedition,
secured funding
and decided to sail under the flag of
ii. His plan was to go west, sail to
iii. Arrives in
1. Comes into contact with Natives, calls them Indians he
believes himself to be off the coast of
Indies
2. He believed he was in
· Caribbean Experience
a. 1508, PR claimed by
wasn't there
b. By 1520, given up on the gold hunt, began to grow cash crops
i. Sugar, tobacco, needed workers slavery was instituted
· Magellan 1519 goal was to circumnavigate the globe
a. First to go through bottom of S America "Strait of Magellan"
b. Philippines 1521 claimed for Spanish until 1898 - Filipinos not happy
with
Spanish, rebelled Magellan Killed, crew returns home
Page43
The Aztec
· Rise to Power
a. The Toltec from the N. Valley of Mexico most dominant group until
1150
i. Invaded by nomads
ii.
cohesive empire
1. Void develops waiting to be filled
b. Lakes southern
i. Adobe bricks, reeds (roofs and brick reinforcements)
ii. Groups fighting for total control; Aztec one of the smaller groups, less
sophisticated, but much better warriors
iii. Most groups didn't trust the Aztecs, thus, they found it hard to settle
down
1. Positive they were hired as mercenaries, started to gain allies
c. The Legend wandering would end when they witnessed an eagle eating
serpent
i. Witnessed on
settle there began to establish a permanent settlement
ii. Náhuatl language of the Aztecs connected them to the Toltec
1. Claimed to be direct descendants, thus, had a direct inheritance
2. Failed to see that other tribes also spoke language
· Tenochtitlan 1325
a. Defense located on an island hard for invaders to reach it
i. Aztec begin to become a civilization
b. Canals "Venice of the New World" Aztec created them to connect
every part
of the city
i. Advantage for transport, trade with neighbors
c. Construction Aztec began to quarry stone for temples and palaces
i. Unclear if Aztecs followed the lead of the Mayans
d. Built palace for emperor 1440-1450 by the mid 1400's, larger than any
Spanish city
Page44
The Inca
· Geography Ecuador to tip of SA Same time period as Aztec
a. Andes runs south along west of South America
i. Usually, rugged terrain prohibited cohesive empires, such as in Greece
not in this case
ii. Trade was difficult
iii. Advantageous for defense the last surviving Amerindian empire, as the
mountains prohibited invaders from easily coming in
iv. Provided stone quarried to make buildings,
temples, road pavement
b. Borders well defined
i. East Amazon dense jungle, clear and well defined
ii. West
1. provided a source of food
· Pachakuti 1438-1471 founder of the Inca Empire
a. Military campaign trying to gain territory tremendous success
b.
i. Over time, became a major city in the Inca Empire
c. Empire was broken into 4 parts, each ruled by a male relative states
d. Hierarchy same as Aztecs
i. Emperor
ii. Nobles/priests Advisors
iii. Warriors Security force
iv. Commoners provided ¾ weeks of service to emperor
v. Slaves Indentured
e. Roads some roads were paved, to allow soldiers to move easily
i. 25K miles built by 100's K slaves
ii. Allowed for more easy access to trade
iii. Postal system Inca could deliver messages to areas within 150
miles
within 1 day
1. Messengers would be stationed in rest houses they would then
run between back and forth carrying messages
f. Quipu series of ropes with beads and knots formed numbers, words, and
sentences
i. No writing system
g. Gender Roles
i. Women given the domestic duties
1. Sometimes would help with farming
2. Excluded from most government positions
ii. Marriage was almost entirely within a single tribe, in order to
preserve
power
· Decline began in 1526
a. Pizzaro left Panama, sailed down coast, thought the Inca had gold
b. Inca had a mixed reaction to Spanish never had seen Europeans before
c. 1st expedition scouting, returned in 1531 and began an armed conflict
d. Inca were involved in a civil war, unknown to Pizarro
i. Nevertheless, proved advantageous to the Spanish
e. Not fully conquered until 1541 because of goegraphy
Page45
Slave Trade
· Contemporary Development
a. History slavery has been accepted throughout time except for the last 200
years i. Abolished by most people exists in many countries in Africa,
ii. Most slaves obtained through war POW's or civilians by 1500's,
obtained through money or kidnapped
b. Africa by 1400's, EU knows of Africa, but had a knowledge only of N Africa
i. N Africa was mostly Ottomans Muslims trading with EU had
controlled parts of Europe (i.e. Spain)
ii. Sub-Saharan
iii. Portuguese first to explore area curious but fearful
1. Inhibited curiosity until 1450's
2. Soon found resources human began to capture and buy
slaves by 1445
c. Economic Reasons
i. Extremely cheap labor high ROI cost of
acquiring was high, dropped
over time because they were unpaid
ii. Inefficient at first, because they didn't have motivation new incentive
was to withhold punishment if they worked
d. Portuguese 15th century
i. Sailed down the W coast of Africa, by 1470's, established forts around
the coast to act as supply points
ii. Discovery of resources meant that Portuguese forts were a strong
catalyst for West African trade
iii. El Mina 1482 most gold and slaves flowed through this area
iv. Originally, slaves were indentured later on, it
was lifelong
· Atlantic Slave Trade
a. Dangerous precedent slaves for money
b. By early 1500's, much of Caribbean was colonized when no gold was found,
cash crops were planted and labor was needed
i. Natives were used at first, but in a few years, over 90% died from
smallpox
c. Between 1450 and 1850, 12mln slaves were sent to the Americas, 10mln died on
the way (5-7 week journey)
Page46
Mughal Empire
· Babar ruled 1526-1530
a. Early Life
i. From a kingdom known as Ferghana just north of modern
day
ii. Father was a king .: was a heir to the
throne, Babar was 10 when father
died in 1498
iii. Babar becomes king, his mother acts as an advisor
1. Some tribes did not like having a 10 year old king Ozbeg Tribe
also was against his father
2. Tribes form a coalition; Babar does the same Babar leaves by
1504
iv. Kingdom divided in 1498 some with Ozbegs, some
with Babar
v. Babar pushed into
vi. Goes to south
b. Military Campaigns
i. Indus river valley begins to fight with
1. Begins to push into
reached
2. Babar had 12,000 men (gunpowder army) vs.
100,000 men (bow, arrow, swords)
a. To maximize impact of artillery, was put on a wooden
cart and pulled by horse quick mobility and firing
ii. Strong connections with Ottomans Babar were a group mixed with
Mongols and Turks
iii. Elephants used in battle psychological warfare size
iv. Wins Panipat empire establish Mughal empire, by
the time of his
death,
· Akbar `The Great one' ruled 1556-1605
a. Tolerance while he was Muslim, tolerated Hindus and Muslims
i. In order to keep empire unified, needed to keep the people together
ii. Had 4 wives 2 Muslim and 2 Hindu
iii. Christians brought into government Spanish (Catholic priest)
brought
in to tutor Akbar's son
iv. Allowed Hindus to hold political office wanted
subjects to be able to
identify with the empire
b. He was illiterate hired readers to read the 24,000 books in his collection
c. Graduated Tax
i. Before Akbar, flat tax most peasants couldn't afford them no
payment
ii. Royal revenues begin to decline, Akbar decides to
move to graduated
taxes
iii. More $ was earned, since more people could afford it, more people paid
d. Military Campaigns gunpowder empire
i. By the time of the empire, N. India was controlled; S. and
were not
ii. Using guns, he was able to conquer natives easily walls for defense
iii. By his death, conquered much of
his rule
Page47
· Jahangir ruled 1605-1627
a. Uninterested in government, economics, war wanted to live a free life
b. Wife Noor Jahan (Persian) ruled the empire for him
i. Begins to promote family members in government
ii. Excellent ruler
iii. Hunted on tiger hunts, etc
c. Heir to throne has 4 children, 1 is Khursau
i. When he becomes of age, takes issue that his mom is ruling the empire
ii. Conspired to have mom overthrown exiles him to
iii. Shah Jahan taught about government, command of army, etc
· Shah Jahan ruled 1628-1658
a. Mumtaz Mahal "True Marriage"
i. Died at a young age during childbirth 14th child (age 38)
ii. Shah goes into deep depression "sweetness of the empire has now
gone"
iii. Builds Taj Mahal (monument to wife) tomb with four
minarets
1. Hired 100,000's of laborers for 22 years to build laborers were
brought from farms no one to harvest crops famine
2. Made of white limestone
3. Funds raised through taxes
b. Illness 1657
i. Even with his illness, ruled until 1658
ii. Had 4 sons, most in their 20's of age to assume leaders Aurangzeb
was the third son in line
1. Conspired to take the throne, talks/bribes leaders
2. Results in a coup
iii. Aurangzeb murders oldest brother, puts father in prison other
brothers
decide not to oppose him
iv. Father dies in prison apparently used a mirror
so he could look at the
Taj Mahal
· Aurangzeb seen as a bad ruler ruler 1658-1707
a. Empire "Builder" overall weakened
i. Goal was to conquer all of India, especially South India; also wanted to
convert the Hindus to Islam
ii. Goal was not achieved, but he did acquire vast areas of territory
iii. Came at a heavy price obsolete military was overextended, making for
an easy defeat by the Persians and Afghans
b. Oppressive Policies
i. Hindus and Muslims used to live in peace Aurangzeb changed this
1. Hindus were barred form holding some political offices, insisted
a "Jizya" tax for non-Muslims
2. Began to destroy temples
ii. Muslims were targeted by a secret police who
enforced practices
iii. Rebellion Hindus felt that they were being disenfranchised
1. Many Hindus disliked the Jizya - army had to be sent in to keep
order (~1700-1702, 1707)
2. 2 million died during massive famine in his later reign
c. Foreign Intervention
i. British East India Company formed under Queen Elizabeth I granted
a charter to go to
1. Charter profits would go as a %age to the monarchy
Page48
2. Highly successful charters were renewed continuously
until
1858
ii. Trading ports were set up along the West Coast over time, traders
moved into
1. Requested the military to help protect them and their
assets
iii. European Rivalry
1. French Brits Fight 1756 war in
(BR wins), Caribbean (BR wins)
2. Most French were expelled BR ruled from 1756 to 1947
Page49
Absolutism
· End of Feudalism
a. During medieval period, feudalism dominated society
i. Governed relationships between people in
a "Feudal Contract" rigid society
ii. Obligations peasants bound to upper society, lving on fiefs
b. Plague leaders, merchants killed too expensive to keep peasants as serfs
c. Nobles wanted more power than feudalism allowed for
d. Castles became obsolete because of gunpowder weapons the feudal center of
defense was no longer a viable defense
i. Kings began to lose territory surviving kings go on to rule large areas
of land
e. Ends in France by 1500's, E. Europe until 1600's
f. Parliament tradition in France for medieval period comprised of nobles
i. W/ the end of feudalism, FR kings begin to consolidate power
ii. Rouge nobles with castles faced gunpowder weapons of the king
iii. Tradition of convening for matters of state replaced by advisors in
1500-1600
1. Highly ineffective
· Louis XIV not the first FR absolutist monarch, but the most notable
a. "I Am the State" he had ultimate authority and was above the law
since he
was the law
i. He says that he embodies FR suits can't be brought against him since
he was the state leading to a court case of `State vs. State'
ii. Divine Right god chose him to rule over FR didn't have to answer to
anyone but god
iii. Militarized FR for 2 reasons
1. Attack and defend from enemies
2. Blatant arrogance needed the military to back him up if things
went awry
iv. Rigid bureaucracy officials of merchants,
lawyers not only lawyers
1. Educated wanted to protect power from nobles; not a
hereditary power cycle
2. Task of collecting taxes wanted precision officials were hired to
conduct census, etc
b.
i. While he did not build it, he did make it much more elegant 50% of
the annual revenue was spent on the palace
ii. Did not want to see any of his servants had a shaft built so that he
could simply ring a bell and have food sent up to him
iii. Sun King Louis believed that as king, he was at the center of the
universe, planets government officials
Page50
· Economic Policy
a. Mercantilism 1500's to 1800's
i. Based upon the principle that nations wanted to reduce imports, increase
exports gold
1. Meant more revenue from export taxes
2. To reduce imports, began to levy heavy tariffs on foreign
imports made the French les likely to buy foreign goods
3. To increase exports, relied on colonies that had unique goods
a. Colonies were captive markets only allowed to trade
with the mother nation
Page51
· Foreign Occupation 15th Century
a. Russian Princes many ruled by a foreign occupier
i. Task of collecting taxes for the Mongol occupants
ii. Did not give all taxes to Mongols, acquired great wealth and used it to
bribe people, build armies and alliances, etc
iii. Power built under the Mongols led to the power used to overthrow them
b. Unifying Principles used to gain popular support
i. Culture even with Mongol rue, had not lost language, religion
(Christianity), etc princes were able to spread anti-Mongol propaganda;
crafted the argument that Muslim Mongols should leave and allow
Christianity
ii. Mongols began to be driven out by the 1450's, through the Caspian E.
of Urals
iii. Russians celebrated their victory/independence short lived
c. Challenges
i. Domestic lack of tech, manufacturing (little progress intellectually and
economically when Mongols were in power)
ii. W. Europe far surpassed Russian technology (still agricultural and feudal)
· A New Rome
a. Ivan IV Known as Ivan the Great because of territorial expansion, able to
push
the Mongols and rouge nobles out of power
i. Married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor proclaims RU will be
the 3rd Roman Empire
b. Czar from "Caesar" Roman term for Emperor
c. Had to defeat all enemies
· Expansion
a. Central Asia
i. Mongols by mid 1500's, were east of the Urals Ivan takes his army
east of the mountains, push the Mongols out discovers there isn't
much in C. Asia
b. Cossacks sent to the frontier
i. Peasants (very poor) typically only had clothing, very little money
were invited to move east to C. Asia told there were many resources
ii. Very attractive offer didn't own the land but did work on it
iii. Many left homes to escape legal troubles
· Western Contact
a. Realization of position compared to the west vary far behind
i. RU czars curious of west and wanted to emulate them
ii. Sent young nobles to go study in
RU
b. The Romanovs ruled until 1917
i. Ivan IV dies in 1613 no heir at a meeting, Michael Romanov became
the new emperor
Page52
c. Peter the Great 30 years rule
i. Connected to westernization wanted to modernize the Russian army
ii. Weapons use and manufacture of returned with W. European
weapons bullets from
iii. Founds the first industry in RU iron ore was plentiful in RU
1. Uses peasants to work in mines to extract ore
iv. Self sufficient economy
v. Navy obsolete was simply some notes that hadn't ventured far
before
1. RU learned warfare, ship building, etc]
vi. Emulation of west needed to change RU society
tells nobles to shave
beards, change clothing from Mongol to western style
1. Peasants remained without modernization
· Serfdom
a. Mongol Rule
i. Serfs bound to the land, remained poor
ii. Under Mongol rule, there was no organized system to collect taxes
1. Peasant's productivity decreased since they didn't have to work
as hard
2. When Mongols left, life became very hard
b. Debt i. When RU landlords take over, expect annual taxes and crops serfs
were forced to grow more; when they could not, they were forced into
debt
ii. If a peasant owed 100 rubles to a landlord, was forced into 5 years of
indentured service
1. Charged the serf for rental of land over time, rent accumulated,
and since serf had no income, was bound for life
c. New Territories C. Asia
i. Serfdom introduces into C. Asia Cossacks Russian serfs in Eastern
provinces
ii. Over time, territories were used as bargaining chips farms, gold, etc
iii. Some nobles were sent over couldn't leave
iv. Code of 1649 time when serfdom
became slavery
1. If two serfs married and had a child, child would be a serf
became hereditary
2. Could be bought, sold, and tortured by the owner
· Rebellion
a. Land rights serfs beleved they were being treated unfairly
i. Army was often called in to put down the rebellion
ii. Pugachev leader of the rebellion felt that serfs should get land, and
that he should be Czar
1. Killed by the Czar's army
b. Suppression continued until ended in 1861 by Czar Alexander II
Page53
Scientific Revolution
· Medieval World View
a. Geocentric (Ptolemaic) Earth was at the center of the universe
i. Purity floated on the outside (heavens)
ii. Impure congregated at center Earth was impure .:
at center
1. "We are at the center of God's Great Creation"
· Origins of Change in Outlook
a. Inconsistencies found between geocentric view and astronomical observations
b. Renaissance increased reverence for intellect
i. Greco-Roman revival of knowledge, logic, etc. brought to Europe by
the Arabs
c. Protestant Reformation desire to go against the outlook of the Catholic
Church
· A Heliocentric Universe
a. Copernicus 1593 "On the Revolutions of Heavenly Orbs" sun
was at the
center of the universe
i. Not published until late because of the fear of rejection by the church
`heresy' for going against scripture
ii. By dedicating the book to Pope Paul III, he hoped to gain papal sanction
1. His works were not accepted until
Physics
iii. Galileo did not willingly refute Copernicus' findings, but forced to do
so
1. Put under arrest by the church
iv. Kepler put forth 3 laws of planetary motion
confirmed Copernicus'
views
1. Planets moved in elliptical paths
v.
around more massive bodies
1. Believed that the universe observed simple laws
· The Scientific Method Proof Through Experimentation
a. Sir Francis Bacon Founder
b. Put forth as people began to question and test ideas
· Biology 1600's
a. It was determined that cells were the building blocks of all life
b. Blood circulated through the body in veins, etc
c. Science of anatomy was still not perfected
· Mechanist World View "Deism" People still held onto faith
a. God was the clockmaker; simply set things into motion and allowed natural
laws
to control rest
Page54
Enlightenment
Works, Thinkers, Ideas
· Voltaire `A Plea for Toleration and Reason'
a. The world needed religious tolerance
b. Society could not be allowed to explode to to superstition (i.e. Salem Witch
Trials)
c. Societies should cease fighting
· Kant `What is Enlightenment?'
a. To be enlightened is to be intellectually mature
i. Freedom of thought
b. .: Enlightenment = freedom
· Wollstonecraft `A Vindication of the Rights for Women'
a. Suppression of women no knowledge of politics could not be patriotic
b. Called for a removal of gender bias
c. Asked "why are only men allowed to decide"
· Locke `2nd Treatise on Government'
a. Government should legislate for the benefit of the people
b. Laws should be class-independent
c. Supported the right of revolution
d. Property should be protected
e. Tablurasa clean slate everything you know/how you act has been taught to
you
f. Social contracts should be made for the good of the community
· Madison separation of the power
· National Assembly of France `Declaration of the Right of Man and
Citizen'
a. All men were born equal
US Bill of Rights
b. Due Process
i. Only necessary punishment should be meted out
8th Amendment
c. Freedom of speech and religion
1st Amendment
· Induction deriving general ideas from specific facts
a. What is enlightenment?
i. Self-thought
ii. Rationalism
iii. Individualism
iv. Deism
v. Humanitarism
· Impact on Government constitutional monarchies and despotism brought
about
a. Change should be from the top down (monarch citizens)
Page55
Despotism and Enlightened
Despotism
· Despotism/Absolutism a Cruel and unrestricted ruler
· Joseph II within 10 years of his rule, all reforms he made were rolled
back
a. Rewrote Austrian laws took power from the nobles
b. Church made subservient to the state
c. Abolished the death penalty, enacted idea of equality before the law
i. No racial laws
d. Still considered a despot, as he held unlimited power
· Catherine the Great favored the nobles (Boyers)
a. Codified laws meant more equality for all
b. Serfs rebelled for freedom led by Pugachev
i. Resulted in fewer rights for the serfs afterwards
· Frederick II- favored nobles (Junkers)
a. Abolished torture, death penalty
b. Allowed for the freedom of speech
c. Did nothing to address the issue of serfdom
Page56
English Civil War Glorious
Revolution
· Preliminary
a. 1603 James I and Charles I both absolutists
· Fever Civil War (1642-1647)
a. King Vs. Parliament
b. Cavaliers Vs. Roundheads
c. Royalists Vs. Puritans
· Crisis Cromwell's Commonwealth
a. No monarch (very much like a republic)
b. Became a harsh dictator succeeded by his son
c. People of
· Thermidorean Reaction
a. Restoration of Monarchy (1667)
i. Charles II Invited to return to
1. Placed in with very limited powers over time became absolutist
ii. James II Catholic
1. Converted, as his 2nd wife was catholic
iii. James II invited to leave, Daughter `Mary' and husband Prince
William
invited ot rule
1. James II agrees to leave
iv. William and Mary forced to sign Act of Toleration,
Bill of Rights
1. First constitutional monarchy
Page57
Latin American Revolutions
· Social Structure new after Europeans conquer areas
a. Peninsular Born in continental Europe in L.A. as administrators
b. Creoles (led most revolutions) Europeans born in the new world
c. Mestizos mix of Europeans and natives
d. Mulattoes mix of Europeans and Africans
e. Natives
f. Slaves
· Causes
a. Creoles felt politically inferior
b. Spain was weakened due to the Napoleonic wars
i. Portuguese government was exiled; temporary relocation to Brazil
ii. Europeans had less control of colonies easier to rebel
c. Colonies distant from the motherland
d. Resources were being exploited
e. Inspired by the Enlightenment, Us and Fr revolutions
· Fever - revolutions
a. Haiti 1st revolution led by African slave `L'Oeverture'
b. Republics were set up, war heroes were elected to lead
i. Heroes soon became dictators (caudillos)
c. Brazil ex Portuguese colony
i. When Napoleon invades
ii. Pedro I son of Pr king
1. constitutional monarch Vs. dictator
iii. 1888 - slavery abolished (late compared to the
other
iv. 1889
Page58
Mexico First 100 Years
· 1810 Father Hidalgo priest - orders action against Creoles and
Peninsulars
a. Fought against all Europeans, but killed
· 1811 Maria Morales (male) continues Hidalgo's Struggle
· 1815 Augustine Iturbide Creole worried about effects of Native and
Mestizo control
a. Killed Morales when working on the side of Spain
b. Joined with the Natives and Mestizos later on; made it into a war on Spain
· 1821 Mexico becomes a monarchy Iturbide = king
· 1828 Iturbide forced to leave throne
a. Republican constitution with bilateral congress
i. Slavery abolished (like most L.A.) countries
ii. Monroe doctrine US protection for L.A.
· 1829 Iturbide tried to regain power executed
· 1830's 1840'2 General Santa Ana in and out of power
a. Started as as liberal, became a military dictator with conservative support
b. Land was power as land = crops = $
i. Conservatives (creoles and the church) felt that land was a social status
1. Didn't want land rights for all
ii. Liberals (Mestizos and Natives) felt that land should be evenly distributed
· 1846-1848 War with the USA
a. 1836 American settlers in Texas declare independence from Mexico
b. 1845 Texas admitted into the USA
c. 1846 Border war begins with Mexico
d. 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo US would pay $15million for western
Mexico
· 1855 Santa Ana ousted by liberals
· 1857 New constitution reduces power of the army and church
· 1858 War of Revolt conservatives revolt against the government
· 1861 Benito Juarez elected, quashes revolt
a. confiscates land of the Catholic Church
b. Institutes public education, marriage as a civil union, etc
· 1861 Europe demands Mexico repay its debts
a. Europe knows that the American Civil War has stopped USA from helping Mexico
b. France invades Mexico defeated on Cinco de Mayo
· 1864 France regroups, Maximillian of Austria put in power
a. 2 simultaneous governments until Maximillian executed
· 1865 Civil War in USA ends, US troops sent to Mexico to restore Juarez
· 1872 Juarez dies
· 1876 Porfirio elected for 35 straight years (fixed elections)
a. Modernization of Mexico, more rights for Mestizos, etc
· 1910 centennial of Mexico Francisco starts a revolution
· 1911 Madera vs. Oruzco (moderate liberal)
a. Zapata radical liberal
b. Madera elected
· 1913 Madera assassinated, Huerta (conservative) takes control
a. Carranza (moderate) promises a return to constitutionality
· 1914 Moderate and radical liberal factions split
· 1917 Constitution passed, Carranza wins election
· 1920 Carranza overthrown (didn't bring change fast enough)
a. Obregon elected land reforms, political rights for Natives/Mestizos,
separation
of church and state, labor code
Page59
Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
· Demographic Changes
a. Urbanization 1750-1850 London's Population doubled
i. Lack of sanitation meant that disease was spread easily stagnant
human waste
1. by 1850, government public works commissions were
set up to
clean cities
2.
ii. Public housing addressed overcrowding of existing buildings due to
overpopulation
iii. Negative externalities changes unaccounted for in the free market
system
b. Women entered workforce (mostly in textiles and domestic labor)
i. Usually from the working class
ii. Jobs included nurses, teachers, secretaries, phone operators, etc.
iii. Traditional values prevailed women worked outside home, home
needed attention, women returned home
1. Labor laws increased wages so that women no longer had to
work
2. children banned from working women returned home,
and
financial incentive to have many children was no longer there
iv. Women demanded equal rights (i.e. suffrage)
v. Upper-class women stuck to Victorian standards
c. Children seen as cheap and expendable mines and fine machinery
i. Factory Act of 1833 reduced children's hours
1. No child under 6 could work, ages 6-13 limited to 8 hours a day,
13+ limited to 12 hours a day
2. Children began to enter school led to creation of public
education
ii. Fewer kids had, more birth control since there was no real financial need
for more kids
d. Social Classes
i. Working class 80% of the population
1. replaced serfdom
ii. Emerging middle class
1. merchants, lawyers, doctors, factory owners
professionals
· 2 Economic Zones
a. Western Europe industrial
b.
· Organized labor economic theory
· Mass society communication, transportation, diversions, etc
Page60
Economic Theories
· Adam Smith 1776 - `Wealth of Nations' why nations like England were
prospering
a. Part of the enlightenment movement
b. "invisible hand" self interest
c. Law of Supply and Demand
Supply Price Demand Price
^ v ^ ^
v v
V v
d. Free market, individualism
· Mercantilism country specializations "money = power"
a. Government or nation must have a strong central economy
b. Adam Smith didn't support Mercantilism nationalist (no individualism)
· Karl Marx 1848 Communist Manifesto
a. Hegelian Dialect start with thesis antithesis, combine two, compromise =
new thesis
All Equal
King/slave
Lord/serf
Bourgeoisie
Socialism Communism
+ workers
Hunting/gathering Empire Feudalism
Capitalism Worker
All equal
Dictatorship
b. All periods were marked by class struggle lower class always rises up
i. At some point, equality should be reached
· Criticisms
a. Utopia unattainable, as socialism is hard to supercede
b. Human nature is for greed and power, not able to overcome, motivation
lacking
i. "From each to his needs"
c. Marx outcome based equality; USA equality based opportunity
· Why wasn't there a massive Communist Revolution in 19th century Europe?
a. Wage increases (government action) vs. Revolutionary Socialism (Marx)
b. Factory Act of 1833
Congress of Vienna (1815)
and Subsequent Revolutions
· 1815 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo
a. Meeting to determine course of action
b. Leaders wanted to restore old order, many of who were deposed by Napoleon
· Legitimacy restoration of power to monarchies
a. Louis 18th gained power in France, similar happenings elsewhere
· Balance of power each side should have equal power to prevent future
superpowers
a. Nations team up to keep other nations in check
b. To do so, borders were redrawn
i. FR, NL, German Confederacy (Prussia, Austria used to be 360+ states
which were reduced to ~30), Switzerland, N. Italy
ii. Russia and Prussia (and parts of Poland), Britain (gained colonies
previously belonging to France
c. Metternich in favor of keeping the old status quo restoration of
monarchies
· Quadruple Alliance RU, Prussia, GB, Austria (later joined by FR) concert
of
Europe
· Threats to the status quo
a. Carlsbad, Germany students held a rally calling for liberal reforms
freedom of
speech and press
b. Naples, Italy; Spain protests for liberal rights and equality for all
c. 1821 Greece begins independence movement from the Ottoman Empire
i. Metternich says `no', but EU wants to help Christian Greece Met. afraid
of nationalism
ii. By 1830, Greece gains independence
· 1830 Revolutions
a. France Lois XVIII (constitutional monarch) replaced by Charles X
(absolutist)
revolution, Louis Philippe (constitutional monarch) put in
i. Didn't want a republic Concert of Europe
b. Metternich "When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold"
i. Belgium revolution (nationalism)
ii. Poland, Italy, Germany rebellions due to liberalism
c. Metternich "The dam has broke in Europe
· 1848 Revolutions
a. France Louis Philippe not able to satisfy the French
i. Finance minister worried about possible rioting
ii. Cancelled an expensive banquet revolting
1.
lead
2. 1851
iii. 1872 Franco-Prussian War Louis Napoleon II captured
iv. 3rd republic formed off to a shaky start
(monarchists wanted restore of
the crown)
1. Liberals happy about the republican government
Page62
v. 1894 Alfred Dreyfus Affair
highest Jew in the French army
1. Accused of espionage (growing tide of anti-Semitism)
vi. 1894 new French president agrees to reopen case
1. In reality, real spy was Exterhazy
2. Dreyfus pardoned marked a victory for liberalism
b. Austria, Italy, Germany rebellions squashed and Metternich fired
Italian Unification
German Unification
By 1861
By 1872
Led by Sardinia
Led by Prussia
Count Camilio Benso di Cavour
Bismarck
War provoked with Austria
War provoked with Austria (kicked out of DE
control)
N. Italy unified by Garibaldi
War provoked with France (intimidation)
Pope resists unification
1872 2nd Reich new DE Empire
Page63
Anatomy of a Revolution
French Revolution
Preliminary
· Population divided (27 million)
· Clergy 130K owned 10% land, exempt from Taxation
· Second estate -350k 25-20% land; gov't leaders, tax privileges
· Third Estate 97% population had 40% of land (most none) relics
of feudalism
· Abbe Sieyes each estate should have 1 vote
· Bad harvests food shortage
· Gov't continued to spend on luxury items collapse of economy
· 3rd estate calls for a const government
Fever
· 3rd Estate draws up a constitution (1791)
· Mob storms and dismantles Bastille (prison) royal power no longer
has authority
· Popular revolutions occur throughout France
· Great Fear panic (1789) that gov't would help support a rebellion
· Louis XIV put into a prison
· There was a king, but an assembly was in charge to make all the laws -
beheaded
Crisis
· 1729 National Convention (republic)
· Robespierre Committee of Public Safety raised an army of 650l
· Reign of Terror "to protect people" 30k killed, guillotine seen
as too
slow, so cannons and grapeshots were used
· Robespierre killed, War w Austria
Thermidorean
· Napoleon takes over in 1799
Reaction
· "Consulate" 3 emperors influenced all parts of government
· Established peace with the Catholic government
· Codified Laws; women and children could inherit land, but women
treated as children in many aspects of the law
· New European order created Austria, Prussia, Russia
· Monarchy restored
Page64
Imperialism
1750-1914
· Height 1870-1914
· What is an empire?
a. Land belonging to a single nation, but not confined to a single geographic
area
i. Ex: Ottoman Turks core was made of Muslim Turks, but there were
also Serbs, Armenians, etc
b. A political unit that extends beyond national boundaries
i. Usually done by force
· Two Waves of Imperialism
a. 1st Wave 1500's Age of Exploration
i. SP, PR, NL, UK, FR
ii. Took over the
iii. Motivated by
1. A shorter route to
2. Curiosity
3. 3 g's (gold god glory)
iv. Used Arabian and Chinese
technology - Caravels (3 mast ship)
b. 2nd Wave 1800's
i.
ii. Took over Asia,
iii. Used steamships with cannons
iv. Motivated by:
1. Want for more resources
2. Western industrial powers needed and exploited colonies for
goods and raw materials
3. Services and cheap labor
v. Political motive NATIONALISM power for the country
Page65
British India 1763-1947
· Clive's War
a. Cause BR and FR fight for the control of India
i. 1600's British East India Company
ii. 1700's French East India Company
iii. Mid 1700's fight for control
b. War 1757
i. Robert Clive of BEITCO had 1000BR and 2000 sepoys (Indian soldiers)
1. Ruined Raja's army
ii. Treaty of
c. Later on, Parliament would feel that BEITCO had too much power
· Sepoy Rebellion
a. Cause Decline of Mughal power
i. Sepoys Indian Soldiers not happy with the idea that bullet cartridges
were to be sealed with beef and pork fat
b. Course attempt to restore Mughal power
i. Took 1 year for the revolution to be put under control
c. Effects Britain felt that BEITCO had too much control over India became
a
full Indian colony
i. Increased Hindu/Muslim tension
· British Raj
a. Goal gain tax money from land
b. BEITCO
i. Regulated trade, imposed high taxes ( for BR, for IN)
ii. Segregation Indians had limited access to places occupied by the
British
c. Education
i. Was to be done in English, not Sanskrit
ii. Western classics and philosophy were studied, not Indian history
1. Students were taught nationalism sparked a movement in
d. Positives
i. Better and more education for the British
ii. Law was maintained, decrease in crime
iii. Better medical care and health conditions
iv. New industries easier commerce and better national
integration
e. Negatives
i.
ii. Loss of culture
iii. Education for the Indians was not fully useful British held the
highest
offices
iv. Families could have lands seized if they didn't
pay taxes ½ died
Page66
· Indian National Congress
a. Cause rise of nationalism Indians were opposed to British rule
b. Course
i. 1885 middle class forms a political party INC (Mostly Hindu)
ii. campaigned for more public education and a greater
role for Indians in
government
iii. early 1900's motives change and independence is
sought
iv. Since INC is mostly Hindu, a Muslim league is formed
c. 1947
Page67
· Opium War
a. Causes
i. Europe wanted
ii. Tribute System tariffs collected on international trade
iii. CN restricted European travels around the country
iv. Cruelest punishments for Europeans sought
equality
b. Course
i. British India was a source of opium began to trade with
ii. CN became hooked, lifted the silver tariff to get more into the country
iii. Emperor realizes that the opium was a problem, but BR does nothing
even when asked
iv. CN destroys a shipment of opium; BR attacks and
wins
c. Effect
i. CN had to pay war reparations
ii. Treaty of
iii. Extraterritoriality British laws would apply to British citizens in
iv. BR gains control of HK
d. China is carved into spheres of influence region where a European power
has
special privileges
· Sino-Japanese War
a. CN, JP, KR competition over KR
i. JP defeats CN
b. JP and CN continue to fight
i. JP has 3x forces as CN JP wins
c. JP sends investors to increase JP influence in KR economy
i. First step for JP towards becoming imperialist
· Revolution of 1911
a. Causes
i. Led by a western-educated Sun Yat-Sen - doctor by training.
ii. After picking up many western ideas during his studies in
returned to
iii. He based the revolution on three things:
1. that foreign powers should not be a player in Chinese
governmental affairs all power should be held by the Chinese;
2. that government should be democratic in nature, with elections
by the people;
3. that government should play a role in minimizing the negative
externalities of a free-market system this would include land
redistribution
4. However, he felt that the Chinese people were not ready to have
a democratic government; transition to such a system would
take three steps:
iv. Complete dictatorship
v. Slight regional democratic autonomy with a military dictatorship
vi. Complete democracy with abandonment of the
military dictatorship
vii. To accomplish his goals, Sun Yat-Sen planned to overthrow the Manchu
government with the help of many Chinese, including:
Page68
1. The educated classes
(doctors, lawyers, etc)
2. Those simply prejudiced against the Manchus
3. Those who had "undergone hard times"
4. Wealthy landowning families.
vi. Under the title `The Revolutionary League," unions of secret societies
began to plan and recruit members to rebel against the government.
b. Course and Effects
i. The revolution began on October 10, 1911
1. Many government troops as well as normal citizens had joined
secret societies in
2. 6 year old Manchu emperor Pu-Yi was forced to abdicate the
throne.
ii. The secret society was renamed the "National People's Party," and
Sun
Yat-Sen was installed as the new president of the Republic of China.
1. However, he stepped down to let a more powerful general, Yüan
Shih-Kai, take control.
2. The revolution sparked two restorations of monarchy as wel as
periods of political fragmentation (the Age of Warlords), before
the Republic was finally established
· Taiping Rebellion
a. Causes
a. Hong Xiuquan revolutionary who thought himself to be the brother of
Christ
b. Failure of monarchs
c. Rapid population increase famine and lack of land
d. Government was very corrupt many services cut
b. What was wanted?
a. Equal redistribution of land
b. Equal gender rights
c. Outlaw of tobacco, alcohol, foot binding
c. Course
a. 1853 Nanjing captured
b. Europe comes to the aid of the dynasty
c. 1864 Taiping forced defeater
d. Most devastating civil war 20 million killed
Page69
Japan
· Commodore Perry
a. Perry arrived in JP in 1853
i. Seeks trade relations, asks for a response within 1 year
ii. 2 means of leverage
1. JP alarmed by the power of the US Navy
2. JP wanted American weapons tech
b. Shogun's Dilemma
i. JP not powerful enough to fight
ii. Lords and emperor demand resistance at all cost
iii. Shogun opens trade relations with the west
c. Disorder and shift in power
i. Meiji Government enlightened government established
ii. Shogun abolished emperor, takes control
· Meiji Restoration
a. Transformation from a feudal to an industrial nation
b. Political changes
i. Ended feudalism
ii. Nobility weakened
iii. Samurais lost power
iv. Ito Hirobumi constitution based on DE model
highly centralized
(Prime Minister along with a bicameral legislature)
c. Economic Changes
i. Zaibatsu conglomerates .: cooperation in new industries better than
competition
ii. Foreign advisors were hired, and subsidies given for factories
iii. New land and tax output
iv. Exploitation of the working class
d. Social changes
i. 1871 universal military service enacted
ii. Universal education American model
iii. Western culture and diet adopted
iv. Most traditions survived
e. JP new treaties, tariffs, control of Kr, war with CN over TW
f. Avoided foreign conquest because:
i. Nationalistic with a history of isolationism
ii. Small nation quick to industrialize
iii. Quick to adopt western technology
iv. Learned from the mistakes of China
· RussoJapanese War
a. Cause
i. JP defeats CN in Sino-Japanese War, gains KR and Manchuria
ii. RU is JP's main problem negotiations opened with Czar Nicholas
1. RU overconfident, doesn't take JP seriously
iii. JP signs Anglo-treaty with
b. Course
i. JP attack and win at
ii. JP declare war on RU- forces unprepared RU had forces in EU, and naval
fleet blocked from Suez canal would take 7 months)
iii.
Page70
c. Consequences Treaty of
i. JP becomes dominant power in Pacific, gains respect in
ii. RU shamed one cause of the fall of the Russian monarchy
iii. KR becomes a protectorate of JP
Page71
· Timing
a. Why not before?
i. Disease Malaria
ii. Lack of resources except for slaves
1. No need for colonization, since slaves were brought to coast
iii. Lack of knowledge could no communicate with natives
1. Jungles, Safari, etc landscape and wildlife was intimidating
iv. Access
1. Mountainous and cliffy coast line
2. Muslim control of the north needed a sea route
b. Why now?
i. Better technology easier to access
ii. Better medical care and facilities
iii. Race to grow empire nationalistic fervor
iv. Only areas left in world not yet colonized
v. Gold diamonds, minerals, gems, nuts, palm oil (for machinery)
vi. "White Man's Burden" (Kipling)
· Conference of
a. Called by DE hosted by
b. Rules for partitioning
i. Any claims already made would be recognized (BR, DE, PR,
ii. To acquire any new lands, countries needed the permission of any local
Africans
iii. Europeans, after having treaties, would fine-tune land division
c. Stages of partition
i. 1st Africans would sign treaties
1.
2. Africans couldn't read English didn't realize they gave away
territory
ii. 2nd negotiation with
1. Boundaries drawn on artificial boundaries commonly split up
tribes
2. Led to tensions
iii. 3rd pacification
1. sending of European troops to take over territory
· African Resistance
a. Samon Turri-Mandia (W. Africa)
i. Led a 7 year resistance against the French overrun in the end
b. Paa Asetawa Ashanti
i. Tribe made stools some of pure gold
ii. Europeans come and sat on one stool waged war against British for
four years
iii. Tribes not unified (lack of communications, etc) led to defeat
c. King Menelik II
i. Not colonized because he had ties with the Ottomans (guns),
mountainous terrain, and a mostly Christian population
ii.
Page72
· Methods of Rule
a. Assimilation grafting of cultures for eventual superceding
i.
ii. N. Europe
b. Direct rule usually occurred due to resistance
i. S. Africa, E. Africa
c. Indirect rule locals keep power
i.
ii. Africans usually received western style education fueled resistance
· Results - Africa
a. Established law and order
b. Peace between tribes
c. Economic benefits for Europe
d. African economy ruined
e. Infrastructure and industry improved
f. Christianity spread
g. Sense of cultural inferiority among Africans
· Resulting Confrontations (European)
a. Fashoda (1898)
i. BR (N to S empire) and FR (E to W) met at northeast
ii. FR negotiated that BR gets E. Africa if Br recognized W. Africa
b.
i. DE disputes FR claims, ships sent to
ii. International community recognizes French claims DE ashamed
c. Boer (Dutch traders) War 1900
i. 1500's Dutch protestants fled to
ii. 1815
iii. Boers move inland
1. 1886 Boers find diamonds, BR follow them Br vs. Boer vs
Zulu
2. BR wins (1901), Boers gain support of DE
d.
Page73
Ottoman Decline
· Social
a. Land could not sustain the growing population
b. Inflation famine, and revolts occurred
· Political
a. Problem of succession
i. Heirs were raised in harems and denied a role in government
1. These heirs had no experience, and as a result, janissaries ruled
2. Frequently, janissaries were corrupt
ii. Brothers and sons of the sultan in power view for power family
conflicts
b. Rise of nationalism took effect
c. Lots of land was taken by Austria and Russia
· Economic
a. Didn't modernize; couldn't compete with EU capitalist powers who had
undergone the Industrial Revolution
b. Trade shifted to the Atlantic
i. Less trade through the Ottoman Empire meant less taxes and less
services
c. Europeans sold (cheap in terms of $$$) manufactured goods in Turkey
i. Local industries were destroyed
d. Capitulations trade concessions made to Europeans
i. FR merchants exempted from Ottoman law - could travel, buy and sell
throughout the empire with low duties
ii. As a result, less income for the royal funds
· Religious
a. Millet system small community that could live according to it's own custom and
religion; no forced conversion to a national religion
i. When nationalism began to take hold, this freedom worked against
Ottoman control (each cultural group wanted its own country)
·
a. Mehmet Ali
i. Ousted Ottoman and Fr control in 1801
ii. Wanted to adopt western reforms
iii. Advocated a system known as pan-Arabism, where Arab nations would
be united under Islamic leadership
b. Ali's successors were not as successful or influential Egypt begins to
fall under
the influence of Europe
c. Suez Canal built by a French company 1859-1869
d. Ismail ruled 1863-1879
i. Due to Egyptian bankruptcy, he borrowed money from BR for
westernized development
ii. 1882 - When revolts broke out, Ismail used the help of the British; the
British unofficially became the protector of
Ottoman Decline Timeline
1699 Hungary given to Austria
Transylvania given to Austria
1801 Egypt gains independence
1803 Mingreil to Russia
1829 Greek independence
1830 Algeria to France
1878 Cyprus to Great Britain
Serbian independence
Montenegran independence
1882 Egypt to BR
1908 Bulgarian independence
1913 North Yemen independence
Albanian independence
Crete to Greece
1922 Palestine to BR
Syria to FR
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Russian Revolution
1894
Ascension of Nicholas II
Czar Nicholas II wanted to keep absolutism strong, a difficult prospect in the
face
of both growing imperialism as well as growing opposition to Tsar-rule by the
Russians.
1905
Russo-Japanese War
The Russian loss to the Japanese during the Russo-Japanese war brought
economic despair as well as food shortages to
grievances were brought by protestors.
Bloody Sunday
Bloody Sunday occurred when a contingent of troops fired upon a group of
protesters who were marching for food and better working conditions. As a
result, public confidence in the Tsar dropped, and with workers calling
strikes,
some civil liberties were granted.
Opening of the First Duma
The First Duma was the first political legislature in
short lived attempt at creating a constitutional monarchy, as the Tsar reverted
to
his old ways. The failure of thus plan served to show the political rut that
was in under Tsarist rule.
1914
WWI Begins
When Russia entered into the war, it had no competent military leaders (the
Tsar
himself wanted complete control of the military, even with no previous
experience), poorly trained soldiers, and suffered from a serious lack of
supplies.
Over the course of the war, millions of Russian soldiers were killed,
collapsing
1916
Rasputin Assassinated
The assassination of Rasputin was led by members of the Romanov family,
insiders fearing that increased influence of the monk would lead to the
downfall
of the empire. However, his assassination did not stop the fall of the
aristocracy.
1917
Riots in Petrograd
The riots in
economic drain on the government less tax revenue. When soldiers were
ordered to kill demonstrators, they instead decided to join the protests, in
contrast to the actions of Bloody Sunday.
Duma Declares a Provisional Government
The declaration of a provincial government by the Duma was significant because
officially, the Duma had been dissolved. They urged the Tsar that it was in his
best interest to step down, citing a lack of support even from the landed
aristocracy.
Tsar Nicholas Abdicates
Upon the abdication of Tsar Nicholas, the provincial government appointed by
the Duma took over; this government did not represent the "soviets,"
however,
and did not have overwhelming support from the lower class. In order to
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preserve
unpopular decision to continue Russian involvement in WWI, further eroding it's
support.
Lenin Returns to
Lenin returned to
Bolshevik party, an organization based on the principle of violent revolution.
Using propaganda, Lenin was able to spread his idea which
were highly anti-
capitalistic.
Bolsheviks Take Over
The Bolsheviks were able to take over with surprisingly little bloodshed, and
subsequently renamed themselves the communists. While they promised peace,
especially in the WWI theater, they did not realize
the difficulty in removing
1918
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Upon signing the treaty of Brest Litovsk,
useless, and that the spread of communism would simply render the treaty
useless. The treaty did not ensure peace, however, as civil war broke out soon
thereafter.
Outbreak of Civil War
With the takeover of the Bolsheviks, opposition on many fronts was caused by
anti-communists groups. With the war, the communists were able to gain
control of many independent nations in the
Tsar Assassinated
The assassination of the Tsar and his family was led by members of the soviets,
mirroring the violent overthrow of countless leaders throughout history.
Afterwards, Lenin triumphed.
War Communism and the Cheka
War Communism was government control of heavy
industries and the economic
machine of
to maintain control, a secret police force, or Cheka, was formed. Like the
Reign
of Terror in
regime.
1920
Civil War Ends
After the end of the civil war (and the victory of the communist troops), anti-
communist forces from countries such as the
However, the presence of these troops had no effect on the outcome of the war.
1921
New Economic Policy
The New Economic Policy (NEP) was a modified version of the old economic
policy, where peasants could sell openly in markets, and businesses with under
20 workers could be independently operated. However, banking and heavy
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industry
remained in the hands of the communist government.
1922
Establishment of the
The establishment of the
rule over much of eastern Europe and northern
industry stagnated; the NEP saved the
Page78
Chinese Revolution Timeline
1911
The Ch'ing Dynasty is Overthrown
The ending of the Ch'ing Dynasty marked the end of 5000 years of Chinese
dynastical rule. With this,
subsequently came under the control of warlords.
Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Forms the Kuomintang
Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's formation of the Kuomintang was aimed at creating a
democratic system in
democracy). Even with popular support, he ceded power to the more influential
Yuan Shih-kai.
1912
Yuan Shih-Kai Assumes the Presidency
Yuan Shih-Kai's assumption of the presidency stalled Sun Yat-Sen's plans for a
democracy in
would not transition to a democracy.
1916
Warlords Seize Power
The warlord's seizure of power led to
powers, disjointed. This led to a severe political fragmentation, and as a
result,
opposition movements were able to sprout.
1919
The May Fourth Movement
The May Forth Movement was an anti-foreign movement in
imperialism and the warlords. The movement split into two factions, however,
one party supporting gradual cultural reform, the other supporting Marxist
reforms in
1921
Chinese Communist Party Founded
The founding of the Chinese Communist Party signified the start of a communist
party that lasts to this day. With the founding of the party, the fact that
support
for communism was more than a handful in
1926
Chiang Kai-Shek Establishes a Dictatorship
In order to establish a dictatorship over
campaigns against the warlords, taking over cities such as
Communist Party existed.
1927
The Shanghai Massacre was caused by the attack of Jiang Jieshi against the
communists. The communists however, revolted, and as a result, thousands
were killed.
1928
Chiang Becomes President
Even though Chiang was elected to the position of president, he still faced
heavy
opposition from the communist party. As a result, he worked to consolidate his
power throughout
army was not large enough to be in all places.
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1930
Civil War Begins
Communist
uprisings were initially limited to guerilla warfare, due to small army
sizes. However, the communist army soon numbered over 100,000, and as a
result, the Communist party continued its expansion of territory.
1931
Japanese Invasion, Establishment of Manchukou
The Japanese invasion and establishment of Manchukou took place when the
Japanese invaded the northeast peninsula and took over Manchuria and
Placed under the control of the former emperor Pu-Yi,
mainland had begun.
1934
The "Long March"
The Long March took place when Jiang Jieshi wished to eliminate the
communists. Mao's `People's Liberation Army' marched over 6000 miles to reach
a communist stronghold in northwestern
the original 90,000 soldiers survived.
1939
World War II
The outbreak of World War II saw
Many nationalist leaders such as Jiang Jieshi felt that the threat most
predominant to
1946
Civil War Resumes
A full scale civil war between the Nationalists and the Communists was caused
when efforts to form a coalition government failed. Many middle class in the
city, as well as numerous peasants, joined the Communist movement as a way
to further their position in society like during the Petrograd Riots in
even soldiers switched sides.
1949
People's Republic of
The establishment of the PRC included the New Democracy (a system of
modified capitalism), where major industries were placed under state ownership,
and smaller businesses remained in the hands of private individuals. In
addition,
a massive land redistribution scheme was set up where two thirds of the Chinese
peasantry received land.
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World War 1
· Cause
a. M militarism arms initially stockpiled to deter attackers
i. "In times of peace, prepare for war"
ii.
1. To prove itself as a power, builds up military
2. FR begins to feel fear when a border dispute ignites over Alsace-
Lorraine
3. BR begins to feel fear when Germany (DE) begins to build an
army
iii. In response, BR and FR begin to feel fear
b. A alliances
i.
ii. By 1914,
1. Triple
2. Triple Entente BR, FR,
c. I imperialism
i. Fashoda and
ii. Ottoman competition for empire's land by Russia and Austria
d. N Nationalism
i. Balkan nationalism the powder keg
ii.
1.
(
a. Pan Slavism movement to unite Slavs
iii. Austria and Hungary 1908 annex Bosnia-Herzegovina
· 1914 The Outbreak of War
a. June 28 Archduke Ferdinand assassinated by member of the Blackhand pan-
Slavists who wanted a united Serbia)
i. Austria appalled wondered as to the best course of action
1. Afraid of alliances
b. July 23 DE's Blank Check
i. DE offered any support
ii. Suppressed anti-Austrian movements in
iii. Judicial action against killers of Archduke while the black hand was
secret, some gov't worked for them
iv. Serbia asks for support, RU says yes
c. July 28 Austria invades Serbia, RU begins to mobilize against Austria, RU
mobilizes against DE when France mobilizes
d. August 1 DE declares war on RU
e. August 3 DE declares war on FR
· Schliemann Plan
a. DE had to cross through Belgium to go against FR
i. BR supported Belgian neutrality and entered the war
· Western Front
a. Marne very close to
i. Place where DE's plan came to an end
ii. Won with the help of BR's troops
iii. DE tries to block the N. coast of FR blocks BR
b. Race to the Sea defeated DE ay Ypret
c. "Dig In" trench warfare
i. 3 years of war - fought to preserve stalemate
ii. Millions of troops died war of attrition
· Technology
a. On the ground
i. Machine guns
ii. Poison Gas imprecise
1. Carried by the wind sometimes blown into own trenches
iii. Tanks
b. In the air
i. Zeppelin hydrogen dirigible
ii. Dogfights encounters between pilots in the air
1. Fokker invented timing chains to allow pilots to fire from inside
plane
c. In/under the seas
i. German U-Boats unrestricted submarine warfare shot on ay ship
ii. British Q Ship warship disguised as a merchant ship
· Other Fronts
a. Eastern Front
i. 2 million soldiers died
ii. 1918 March Brest-Litovsk peace with
1. RU loses 1/3 of population to DE
iii.
1. Enticed by Allies for portions of
2. Allies used
3. IT not equipped to handle DE Allies had to go in and help
iv. Gallipoli 1915
1. Allied's massacred fought using Australian troops
2. Used to open another front
v. Africa, Asia,
1. "If you rise against the Ottomans, you will
become independent"
2. Because of colonial territories, countries fought in Asia and Africa
· USA Enters the War
a. 1914 Wilson declares neutrality, supports the Allies with supplies
b. 1915 Lusitania sunk
c. 1916 DE resumes unrestricted submarine warfare
d. 1917 U Boats attack US merchant ships compelling US to attack
i. Zimmerman Telegram
1. DE transmission to
2. War declared the next day
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·
a. By late 1917, ~50,000 troops per month being sent
b. 1918 Chateau Thierry 2nd Marne DE defeated
c. 8th August 1918 Allies push past DE lines
d. Nov 1918 central powers collapse, Weimar Republic set up (democratic)
e. Armistice 11/11 at 11am
· Treaty of Versailles signed by DE under protest, had no ratification by
USA
· DE colonies surrendered as mandated to League of Nations
· Alsace-Lorraine returned to FR
· Cession of lands
· Demilitarization of Rhineland (buffer between FR and DE)
· DE pays reparations (6600million UK pounds)
· De/Austria union banned
· War Guilt Clause DE accepts guilt for causing war
· War trials for Kaisers
· Limitation of DE army; 100k men, no conscription, no tanks, no heavy
artillery, no
poison gas, no aircraft, no airships
· DE navy limited to ships under 100k tons, no subs
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