10.1 DNA: THE HEREDITARY MATERIAL
| Griffith reasoned the material from dead S bacteria passed to live R bacteria, changing R bacteria to S bacteria. |
| Transformation - process during which bacteria are changed by absorbing genetic material from an outside source. |
10.2 DNA: STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION
| Adenine=Thymine - A=T |
| Cytosine=Guanine - C=G |
| Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins revealed the structure of DNA. |
| Franklin photographed DNA with a process called X-ray crystallography. |
| Watson and Crick's double helix is the accepted structure for DNA. |
| Replication - process by which DNA makes copies of itself. |
10.3 DNA AND THE GENETIC CODE
| Gene - region of DNA that contains instructions to manufacture one polypeptide chain. |
| Transcription - process of transferring information from a strand of DNA to a strand of RNA. |
10.4 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
| Translation - process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins with the help of mRNA molecules. |
10.5 THE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION
| Operon - group of genes with related functions. |
| Regulator - part of a gene that continuously makes a repressor protein. |
| Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes is complex and involves more than one mechanism. |
| DNA can't be transcribed and the genes are inactive when the chromatin is tightly coiled. |
| Methyl group - 1 carbon atom bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms. |
| Exons - DNA that actually codes protein in short sequences. |
10.6 GENE MUTATIONS
| Gene mutation - change in sequence of nucleotides within a gene. |
| Deletion mutation - loss of one or more bases from DNA of a gene. |
| Mutagen - factors in environment that causes mutations to occur. |