11.1 Controlled Breeding
| Selective breeding - breeding of animals to produce certain desired traits in the next generation of offspring. |
| Dalmatians have a common recessive allele for deafness. |
| Outbreeding - crossing of distantly related organisms. |
| A mule is produced by crossing a male donkey (jack) with a female horse (mare). |
| Breeders produce polyploidy by applying a chemical called colchicine to a cell. |
11.2 Principles of Genetic Engineering
| Recombinant DNA - DNA with components from different organisms. |
| Vector - carrier of genetic material. |
| Plasmid - small circular pieces of DNA within bacteria. |
11.3 Gene Transfer and Cloning
| Restriction enzymes - proteins that cut DNA at a specific series of base pairs. |
| The enzyme, DNA ligase, is used to join the sticky ends of the plasmid DNA and the human insulin gene. |
11.4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
| Laundry detergent contains genetically engineered enzymes. |
| Genetically altered bacterium helps some plants resist frost damage. |
| A. tumefaciens causes gall disease in tobacco and can be used to genetically modify plants. |
| A bacteria that can produce a milk-stimulating hormone for cattle is under research. |
| An altered bacteria is used to make insulin identical to human insulin. |
| It causes no allergic reactions like the insulin made from farm animals. |
| A bacteria was used to clone a gene that causes hemophilia to study it. |
| Genetically engineered bacteria can clean up the environment by consuming oil. |
| Purified genes have been inserted into cells cultured from hamsters to make blood-clotting protein. |
| Geneticists can design a protein to bind to a specific type of cell that has proven to be useful in treatment of cancer. |
| A test has been developed to detect and locate the gene for Huntington's disease. |
| Human Genome Project - researchers hope to map all genes in human DNA. |
11.5 Ethical Issues in Genetic Engineering
| Once a bacterium is released, it is impossible to capture if it causes a problem. |
| Eugenics - practice that seeks to change human heredity by controlling mating. |