1.  (a) (i)

Define the term “Green Revolution” as used during the period 1945 to 1985.

(ii)

Explain the principal agricultural practices/technologies associated with the green revolution.

(iii)

Name TWO regions, in different parts of the world, where the green revolution has had a significant impact on crop yields.

(b) Identify and discuss TWO social, political, or cultural conditions necessary for the success of the agricultural practices/technologies of the green revolution.

(c) Identify and discuss TWO significant economic or ecological factors that may limit the long-term success of the agricultural practices/technologies of the green revolution.

Green Revolution

regional differences

sustainability

social, political and/or cultural preconditions

ecological and economic limitations

Discuss how THREE of the following have contributed to this acceleration.

• (a) Transportation
• (b) Housing production
• (c) Landscape preferences
• (d) Social and demographic trends

suburbs

housing developments

transportation infrastructure

highways

cultural landscape

preferences

social and demographic trends

Changes since the 1960s in specific focus:

counter-urbanization

white flight

congestion

pollution.

• Stage 1: Traditional
• Stage 2: Preconditions for takeoff Stage 3: Takeoff
• Stage 4: Drive to maturity
• Stage 5: High mass consumption

Explain the usefulness of the model in understanding contemporary social and economic change with reference to any THREE of the following:

• (a) A country’s role in the world economy
• (b) Colonial transportation networks
• (c) Cultural differences
• (d) Local social and class structures

Be sure to support your answers with examples from any of the following regions:

• Latin America
• Sub-Saharan
• Africa South Asia

• A. Define the following concepts as they are used in political geography.
  • 1. Nation
  • 2. State
  • 3. Nation-state
• B. For each of these concepts, name a specific late-twentieth-century example from Region A and a specific late-twentieth-century example from Region B on the map above.
• C. Explain how the pursuit of the nation-state ideal during recent decades has led to conflict in each of the two Regions A and B on the map above.

• A. Sacred sites
• B. Burial practices/sites
• C. Architecture
• D. Place names

sacred sites

preservation

pilgrimmage

tourism

place

religion Place (site) Changes to the land/ sacred spaces

• A. Briefly describe TWO socioeconomic factors that have led to the concentration of households headed by females in Zone X and TWO socioeconomic factors that have led to the concentration of households headed by females in Zone Y.
• B. Discuss one advantage OR one disadvantage of the Hoyt sector model for understanding the location and characteristics of Zones X and Y.

1. Discuss THREE ways in which the concept of core-periphery relations helps explain the development of the urban systems shown above. Be sure to use evidence from both maps to support each of your conclusions.

2. A. Identify and explain ONE way that tourism has diminished regional landscape distinctiveness.

B. Identify and explain ONE way that tourism has enhanced regional landscape distinctiveness.

3. Over the last 150 years, Europe has changed from a source to a destination region for international migration.

1. Use the demographic transition model to explain briefly Europe’s development as a source of international migrants between 1800 and 1920.
2. Identify and briefly explain ONE factor other than demographic transition that was responsible for Europe’s development as a source of migrants to the United States between 1800 and 1920.
3. Briefly explain how THREE aspects of the demographic transition model account for Europe’s transformation into a destination region for migrants from North Africa between 1960 and 2000.

• A. Define a maquiladora.
• B. Refer to the map above to explain the spatial distribution of maquiladoras within Mexico.
• C. Discuss FOUR factors that explain why Mexico has emerged as an important location in the current global system of industrial organization.

• A. List TWO factors that have increased the demand for poultry.
• B. Briefly describe TWO characteristics of the present economic organization of poultry production in the United States.
• C. Describe TWO features of the present geographic distribution of poultry production in the United States.

• A. Use the concept of land rent (sometimes called bid-rent) to explain the profile of residential population density shown on the graph.
• B. Using the population pyramids labeled X and Y, identify and explain TWO differences in the demographic composition between the pyramids.
• C. Explain the relationship between the demographic differences identified in part B, above, and residential land use patterns at point X and point Y, respectively, in the graph of population density.

• A. Define both terms and give a geographic example for each.
• B. With reference to the political and economic geography of Europe, briefly discuss three changes resulting from supranationalism.
• C. With reference to the political and economic geography of Europe, briefly discuss three changes resulting from devolution.

• A. Identify the main source areas and explain two key push factors associated with the early twentieth- century peaks.
• B. Discuss how change in the economic structure of the United States promoted immigration in the early twentieth century.
• C. Identify the main source areas and explain two key push factors associated with the late twentieth- century peak.
• D. Discuss how change in the economic structure of the United States promoted immigration in the late twentieth century.

• A. Economic factors
• B. Demographic composition
• C. Urban policy
• D. Sense of place

• A. Define each of the following principles.
• 1. core-periphery 2. distance decay 3. chain migration
• B. For each principle in part A, select a migration stream identified by letter on the map above, and discuss how the stream you choose illustrates the principle. Note: Each lettered migration stream may be used only once.

• A. Identify two reasons why businesses would choose to locate their call centers in small southern towns.
• B. Discuss three disadvantages in the use of call centers as a local economic development strategy.

3. The viability of any state depends on a balance between centripetal and centrifugal forces.

• A. Define the concepts "centripetal force" and centrifugal force".
• B. Give a specific example of and explain a centripetal force that affects the viability of any of the states shown on the map above.
• C. With reference to a different specific example, explain a centrifugal force that affects the viability of any of the states shown on the map above.

• A. Apply the underlying principles of von Thünen’s agricultural land-use model to predict the locations of the activities shown in X and Y relative to a large urban area.
• B. Choose either activity X or activity Y and apply the underlying principles of von Thünen’s agricultural land-use model to explain the location of the activity.
• C. Discuss two factors that explain why agricultural land-use patterns today differ from those developed by von Thünen’s model in 1826.

• A. Define and discuss the key features of the new international division of labor (also known as global division of labor).
• B. Explain an impact of the new international division of labor on the socioeconomic structure of the United States.
• C. Explain an impact of the new international division of labor on the socioeconomic structure of developing countries such as Mexico, China, and India.

1. For each of these models, identify the type of land use the model addresses.
2. Identify two assumptions that are shared by both models.
3. For each of these models, explain how relative location affects land-use patterns.

1. Identify two specific regions that have experienced net in-migration.
2. Identify two specific regions that have experienced net out-migration.
3. Explain the processes that contribute to the general patterns of migration within the United States shown on the map in terms of each of the following:
   • 1. Economic structure
   • 2. Friction of distance
   • 3. Age structure of the population

• A. Identify the trend shown in the graph above.
• B. Identify and explain an effect of this trend on population growth in the developing world.
• C. Identify and explain an effect of this trend on economic development in the developing world.
• D. Identify and explain an effect of this trend on gender roles in the developing world.

• A. Using the letters in the legend, name the three religious groups shown on the map.
• B. For ONE of the three religious groups, first identify and then explain TWO factors that have influenced the distribution shown on the map.
• C. Explain how the map as presented at this scale is an incomplete representation of the geography of religion in the United States.

• A. Describe a typical location of squatter settlements within urban areas of megacities on the global periphery.
• B. Describe two factors that contribute to the formation of squatter settlements.
• C. Give a detailed account of THREE consequences of the rapid growth of squatter settlements. The three consequences you discuss may be social, economic, political or environmental.

• A. First identify and then explain TWO factors contributing to the steady decline in the number of dairy farms since 1970.
• B. First identify and then explain TWO factors contributing to the increase in the number of organic farms since 1970.

Industrial agriculture

economies of scale

consumer preference consolidated ownership

Organic farming

1. According to Alfred Weber’s theory of industrial location, three factors determine the location of a manufacturing plant: the location of raw materials, the location of the market, and transportation costs.

• A. Using an example of a specific industry other than the one portrayed on the map above, explain under what conditions an industry would locate near the market.
• B. Using an example of a specific industry other than the one portrayed on the map above, explain under whatconditions an industry would locate near raw materials.
• C. Using the map above and Weberian theory, explain the geography of ethanol plants in the United States.

• A. Using contemporary examples, explain how each of the following has contributed to the development of national identity and the strengthening of a state.
  • 1. Economic development
  • 2. Relocation of a state’s capital (since 1950)
• B. Using contemporary examples, explain how each of the following may detract from the development of national identity and weaken a state.
  • 1. Ethnicity
  • 2. Transportation infrastructure

3. The population pyramids above represent two countries at different stages of the demographic transition and economic development.

• A. Explain the demographic characteristics of each country above with respect to the demographic transition model.
• B. Discuss ONE positive impact of EACH country’s population structure on its economic development.
• C. Discuss ONE negative impact of EACH country’s population structure on its economic development.

1. The map and table above show the geographic location, population growth, and projected growth of Mexico’s most populous cities.

• A. Define the following terms and describe how each relates to Mexico’s urban geography.
  • • Primate city
  • • Rank-size rule
• B. Explain TWO positive effects of primate cities on a country’s economic development and TWO different negative effects of primate cities on a country’s economic development.

• A. Identify and explain TWO reasons why some geographers today believe Malthus’ theory can be used to predict future population issues.
• B. Identify and explain TWO reasons why some geographers today believe Malthus’ theory cannot be used to predict future population issues.

3. Industrial location models are used to explain geographic patterns of economic activity. The maps above show automobile factories built before and after 1986 in the United States.

• A. Identify TWO changes in the geography of automobile factory construction shown by the maps.
• B. Identify and explain TWO factors related to industrial location that may have contributed to the changes.

• a. Identify three examples of walls or other barriers built by countries in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
• b. Explain the purpose of one of the examples you identified in part a.
• c. For each of the categories listed below, discuss a consequence faced by countries as a result of walls or other barriers established along their borders.
  • i. social or political
  • ii. economic
  • iii. environmental

2. The map above shows areas of shifting cultivation, a form of subsistence agriculture.

1. Define subsistence agriculture.
2. Describe the practice of shifting cultivation.
3. Explain one reason why shifting cultivation was sustainable in the past.
4. Explain two reasons why shifting cultivation is expected to diminish during the twenty-first century.

3. European countries have experienced an increase in Muslim population in recent decades. The map above shows the distribution and proportion of Muslims by country.

1. a. Identify Countries X, Y, and Z on the map above.
2. b. Explain two reasons for the increase in Muslim immigration to one of these countries since 1950.
3. c. For the country you selected in part b, discuss the impacts of the Muslim population increase on the country’s
   • i. urban spatial organization
   • ii. population structure
   • iii. social relations

1. Discuss the following three factors that contributed to the rise of such industrial regions.
   • 1. Investment capital
   • 2. Labor
   • 3. Government
2. Define the concept of agglomeration and explain its role in the continuing expansion of such regions.

2. The average age of the population in selected developed countries listed in the table above has been increasing.

1. Identify and explain two reasons that the average population age is increasing in developed countries.
2. Identify and explain one social consequence and one economic consequence that countries face as their populations age.

1. A. Identify and explain one way that railroads affected the size and one way that railroads affected the form of cities in the United States between 1870 and 1920.
2. B. Identify and explain two ways that the Interstate Highway System affected cities in the United States between 1950 and today.

1. Identify and compare three differences between the stages of economic growth and the core-periphery model.
2. Use one of the two models to explain the level of economic development in either Mexico or Brazil.
3. Give two examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale.

1. Describe the concept of a superimposed boundary.
2. Describe three political or cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa.
3. Identify and explain one challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies.

3. Agricultural systems, such as the production of coffee, are part of a global network.

1. Describe a common characteristic shared by the coffee producing countries shown on the map.
2. Explain two impacts of coffee farming on producing countries.
3. Identify and explain one way increased coffee consumption outside of coffee growing areas affects its production.
4. Explain one change in the urban landscape in the developed world associated with coffee consumption.