At this point, Malinowski's Chapter 18, Development & Geography, is a good refresher—and an in-depth look at—economic development across time and space. Again, as with the several chapters before it, we've looked at the history and conceptual foundation of economic development since the first day of class.

The scene in the image that Malinowski choose as the background for the chapter's title page could easily be clipped from Baraka. You'll see it again very soon when we watch the film Slumdog Millionaire. Module 18C concerns Immanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Theory something that we have discussed, and could discuss still, almost daily.

One thing that Malinowski does not discuss, however, is the connection between development and terrorism. But you're covered there, too: a strong theme underlying Adam Curtis' documentary film The Power of Nightmares is a strident criticism of the "western" world's mass-consumption economy. As you read through the chapter, recall that we are doing things to day that we have never done before in the history of civilization. And the changes that are taking place at an ever-faster rate of change.

Of course, there are people in the developed world that are questioning the so-called "Washington Consensus" economic and development model. They point out that commercial activity is compelled to seek the least-cost alternative, and to seek that least cost alternative on the shortest of all possible timelines. It is no wonder that all of our economic resources are stressed: land, labor, entrepreneurship, capital. All of them are being squeezed by the demands of the commercial economy to remorselessly find ever more "pennies a pound, pennies a pound", as Rudy put it in Fast Food Nation".

18A Meanings of Development and Development Disparities Today

18A: Meanings of Development and Development Disparities Today 1

• World development focuses on raising the living standards of the poorest countries and reducing disparities among countries
• Poor countries are often referred to as the Third World, less developed countries, or the developing world
• Rich countries are often referred to as the First World, developed countries, or more developed countries

• Ireland and Nigeria have similar sized economies
• this means that Ireland and Nigeria have a similar GDP
• GDP = C + I_g + G + X_n
  • C = personal consumption
  • I_g = gross private investment
  • G = government purchases
  • X_n = net exports (exports - imports)
• Ireland's population is 4.5 million
• Nigeria's population is 160 million
• an average Nigerian lives on ¹/₃₅^th of what and average Irish citizen lives on
• export driven economies, even rich ones that export petroleum, are lesser-developed economies

• PPP (purchasing power parity) allows comparison of different living expenses
• the Big Mac Index is another, tongue in cheek, example of PPP
• PPP tends to diminish the differences between wealthy and poor countries—but only to a point
• no, most of you would not want to live in developing countries, but PPP reminds us that living expenses are lower in developing countries and while inconvenient, things like Big Macs (and other luxuries we spend money on) are not really necessities

18A: Meanings of Development and Development Disparities Today 2

• Human Development Index (HDI)
• A measure of development that includes measures of income, education, and health (life expectancy)
• the World Happiness Index is another attempt to interpret different factors (besides income) to express "living standards"
• "non-monetary measures of wealth"?
  • in the documentary film The Corporation, one of the commentators asks whether clean air, clean water, are forms of wealth

18B Modernization and Economic Development

18B: Modernization & Economic Development 2

• two views on development disparities
• underdevelopment is a function of progress
• underdevelopment is intrinsic to a global economic structure that began with colonialism and persists with neocolonialism
• Modernization Theory
• For countries to develop, they need to adopt elements of Western society, including values
• the Rostow Model is the former—a focus on process: just do this and you'll take the next step
• Neoliberalism























































18B: Modernization & Economic Development 2

• Jeffrey Sachs viewed development as a process of overcoming a series of development traps

















































18C World Systems Perspective on Development



• A lot of modernization theory is based on a Western model and assumes that each country develops on its own
• The world systems perspective views the economic system as a whole



















































































18D Profiles of Development: The Bottom Billion



• According Collier, there now exists a 3-way stratification of the world's population






































18E Possible Solutions to the Development Crisis



• One possible solution is to accelerate economic growth by way of industrialization, but to do so requires a large portion of a country's economy
• To overcome this, countries may begin by manufacturing lower value-added products, such as textiles, before attempting higher value-added products, such as electronics











































































18F Export-Led Approaches to Development



• A view that production of goods for export, sometimes aided by the government, is the key to economic development
• The Tiger economies of East Asia successfully employed this strategy
• China's exports may be about 40% of its economy




































18G Structuralist and Sustainable Development Models



• Many approaches to development can be said to fit into the structuralist school of development
• Sees government interaction as key
• Can be full government control or partial
• Import substitution strategies are common
• Sustainable development seeks a more even distribution of wealth and protection of the environment
• Mr Zoeller > 
• APHG > 
• 6-Malinowski, Ch18: Development & Geography > 

• APHG
  • Course Blog
  • Pacing Guide
  • AP Topic Outline
  • Identifications
• APPSYCH