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Vowel Coding Rules:
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VOWEL RULE 1: Short Vowels:
(lesson 2) A vowel followed by a consonant is short. Code it with a
breve.
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VOWEL RULE 2:
Long Vowels: (lesson
3) An open, accented vowel (not followed by a consonant) is long.
Code it with a macron and an accent.
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VOWEL RULE 3:
(lesson 41) A vowel followed by a consonant and a silent e is long;
code the vowel with a macron, and cross out the silent e.
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Vowel Rule 4 (Schwa):(lesson
84) Open, unaccented vowels usually have the following sounds:
a
is schwa;
e,
o,
and u
are long;
and i
is short.
Any vowel can have the /u/ sound. Coded with an upside down e.
(schwa)
Definitions:
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Breve-
a coding mark used to indicate a vowel's short sound
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Cedilla-
a coding mark on the letter c to indicate a soft sound
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Code:
to mark a word with symbols to provide information about how to
pronounce it
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Combination-
two letters that come together to make an unexpected sound (ar, er,
ir, or, ur, qu, wh); coded with an
arc
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Digraph-
two letters that come together to make one new sound (consonant
digraphs: ch, ck, ng, ph, sh, th;
vowel digraphs:
ai, au, aw, ay, ea, ee, ei, ew, ey, ie, oa, oo, ow, ue);
underline to code
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Diphthong-
two vowel sounds that come together so quickly that they are
considered one syllable (oi, ou, ow, oy);
code with an arc
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Final, stable syllable:
a nonphonetic syllable that occurs in the final position frequently
enough to be considered stable (ble, cle, dle, fle, gle, kle, ple,
sle, tle, zle, tion); code with a
bracket
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Ghost Letter Digraphs:
two letters that make one sound; first sound is silent (gn, kn, wr);
silent letters are coded with a
diagonal slash
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High-frequency words:
those words that occur most often in written text
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K-back:
a coding mark consisting of a
vertical line on the back of a c
that makes the /k/ sound
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Macron:
a coding mark used to indicate a vowel's long sound;
line drawn above a vowel saying its long
name
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Prefix:
a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a root word
that changes the meaning or usage of the word (dis, pre, un)
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Root word:
a word with no prefix or suffix added
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Schwa:
a coding mark resembling an
upside-down e placed over a vowel to indicate the short u sound
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Sight word:
a word of which all or part does not follow phonetic rules
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Sneaky e:
the e in the vowel rule v-e; it makes the vowel have a long sound
(a-e, e-e, i-e, o-e, u-e); coded by
drawing a diagonal slash through the silent e and a macron drawn
above the long vowel
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Suffix:
a letter or group of letters added to the end of a root word that
changes the meaning or usage of the word (vowel
suffix: ed, er, es, est, ing, y;
consonant suffix:
ful, less, ly, ness, s); suffixes
are coded by boxing in the affix added to the root word
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Syllable:
a word or part of a word that contains only one vowel sound and is
made by one impulse of the voice;
syllables are split with a vertical line
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Trigraph:
three letters that come together to make one sound (dge, igh, tch);
underline trigraphs to code
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Twin consonsants:
two identical consonants making only one sound;
coded with a diagonal slash for silent
letters
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Voice line:
a coding mark consisting of a
horizontal line through the middle of a letter or letters,
representing a voiced sound (s, th)
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"Wild Colt" Words:
words that only have one vowel and break the rule by sounding like a
long vowel
Syllable Division
V
means vowel
C
means consonant
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How to Divide and Label a Word: (lesson 36)
vc/cv
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Syllable Division Rule vccv
(lesson 39) vc'/cv;
vc/cv'
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Syllable Division Rule vcv
(lesson 81) v'/cv;
vc'/v;
v/cv'
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Syllable Division Rule vc/cvc/cv
(lesson 92)
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Syllable Division Rules vcccv
(lesson 99) vc/ccv;
vcc/cv
Spelling Rules
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K and C Spelling Rules:
(lesson 23)
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k
before e, i,
or y
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c
before a,
o,
u, and any consonant
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Final /k/ Spelling Rules:
(lesson 29)
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ck
after a short vowel
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k
after a consonant
or a vowel digraph
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ke
after a long vowel
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c
at the end of a word with two or
more syllables
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Floss Rule:
(lesson 52) When a one-syllable root word has a
short vowel
sound followed by the sound
/f/,
/l/,
/s/,
it is usually spelled ff,
ll,
ss, zz.
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Final /v/ Spelling Rule:
(lesson 53) When a word has the final sound
/v/,
it is spelled ve.
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Final /s/ Spelling Rules:
(lesson 78)
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ss
after a short
vowel
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ce
after a
long
vowel
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se
after anything else
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Adding a Consonant Suffix:
(lesson 88) To spell a word with a
consonant suffix,
just add
the suffix to the end of the root
word.
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Adding a Vowel Suffix-Dropping Rule:
(lesson 88) When a word ends with a
silent e,
drop the e
before adding a vowel
suffix.
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Adding a Vowel Suffix-Doubling Rule:
(lesson 88) When the final
syllable of a word is
accented and ends with one vowel and one consonant,
double
the final consonant
before
adding
a vowel suffix.
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J & G Spelling Rule:
(lesson 109)
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j
before a,
o,
or u
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g
before e,
i,
or y
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Final /ch/ Spelling Rules:
(lesson 116)
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tch
after a short
vowel
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ch
after anything else
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Final /j/ Spelling Rule:
(lesson 117)
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dge
after a short vowel
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ge
after anything else
Coding has an order:
Order of Coding:
1.
Check for a suffix or a final stable syllable.
2.
Check for special coding (diagraphs, sneaky e, diagraphs, etc...).
3.
Count the vowels that are making sound.
4.
If the word has one or more vowels making sound then mark the vowels and
put in syllable breaks according to the vowel pattern rule.
5.
Code each root word or each syllable using a vowel pattern, or each word
in a compound word
6.
Add accent marks if necessary.
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